PLAN DE MERCADO, MARKETING Y PRODUCCIÓN
4.2. PLAN DE MARKETING
The carcinogenic risk was calculated based on As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Co. As, Cr and Pb were found to be the highest contributors to the cancer risk. The US Environmental Protection Agency considers acceptable for regulatory purposes a cancer risk in the range of 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 (USEPA, 2004). The cancer risk for adults was found to be 5.54 × 10−4 (Table4.31 and Fig. 4.56), while the children cancer risk was found to be 6.22 × 10−4, which were both higher than acceptable values. In the study area, children are therefore more at risk than adults. The ingestion route seems to be the major contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk followed by the dermal pathway.
Also the three phases had no significant difference with each other, meaning that they have similar concentration effects. Similar results were obtained in the west, north and south axis of the study area (Appendices 2-4). The only difference between the east axis and the other three was that mercury was not detected in the east axis contrary to the other three axis. The overall ANOVA results showed that the bio-available fractions were mostly lower than the residual fractions and had the same source which may be attributed to coal ash dump.
The effects of the heavy metal concentrations in each axis of the study area were accessed statistically using the Pearson correlation analysis. The results revealed that the correlation of iron in the east axis and the other three axis were positively significant at the 0.01p-value (Appendix V). The result showed that the source of iron was the same in the entire axis and were attributed partly to coal ash dump.
The statistical analysis using Pearson correlation showed a positive significant difference at the p-value of 0.01, between the Mn concentration in the east axis and all the three other axis of the study area (Appendix VI). The result showed that the source of manganese was the same in the entire axis and were not completely linked to coal ash dump.
The correlation was positively significant between the Nickel concentration in the east and the other three axis at the 0.01and 0.05 p-values respectively (Appendix VII).
Meanwhile the correlation was significantly different at the 0.05 level between the nickel concentration in the west with north and south axis. Also the correlation between the north and south axis was positive but not significant since the p-value of 0.125 is greater than 0.05. The correlation was the same in the entire axis and the source were partly attributed to coal ash dump.
Correlation of lead (Pb) concentration in the east axis showed a positive significant
the lead concentration in the west with the north and south axis were positively significant at the 0.05 level. Although, the correlation between the Lead concentration in the north axis and the south axis was not significant, but it had a positive correlation value of 773. The result inferred that the correlation was the same in all the axis and the source were attributed to coal ash dump.
The result of the correlation between the cadmium concentration in the east axis with the west was not significant, but it was positive with the correlation value of 0.940.
Meanwhile it was positively significant at the 0.01 level with the Cd concentration in the north axis. The relationship with the south axis was not significant, rather it had negative correlation value of -.819 . The correlation of cadmium concentration in the west and the north axis was not significant, but a correlation value of .928 was observed. Meanwhile the relationship with the west and south, and the north and the south were not significant with correlation values of -.954, and -.814 respectively (Appendix IX). The result showed that the source of cadmium was basically the same in the entire axis and were mostly attributed to coal ash dump.
The result of the correlation of cobalt concentration in the east axis with the west and north axis were significant since the p-value of 0.00 is less than 0.01(Appendix X). There was no significant difference between cobalt concentration in the East axis and the South axis, but a correlation value of .734 was observed.Correlation between the cobalt concentration in the West and the north axis was significant, since the p-value of 0.001 was less than 0.01. The result of the correlation between the cobalt in the west and the south axis was not significant, but it has a positive correlation value of 699.There was no significant difference between the cobalt concentration in the north and south axis but a correlation value of .790 was observed. The result inferred that the source of cobalt was the same in the four axis and were attributed to coal ash dump.
Zinc (Zn) concentration in the east axis had a significant correlation at the 0.01and 0.05 levels with the zinc concentration in the west, north and south respectively (Appendix XI). The result of the correlation of zinc in the west axis had significant difference at the
0.01 level with the zinc concentration in the North axis, while the relationship with the south had no significant difference since the p-value of 0.111 is greater than 0.05. The result inferred that the source of zinc was the same in the four axis and were attributed partly to coal ash dump.
There was a significant correlation at the 0.01 level, between the chromium concentration in the east axis and the other three axis (west, north and south). Similarly, the same relationship existed between the west and north, west and south and between north and south axis. It therefore means that when the concentration increased in any of the axis there will be correspondent increase in the other three axis (Appendix XII). The result inferred that the source of chromium was the same in the four axis and were attributed partly to coal ash dump.
Positive correlation at the 0.01 level existed between the copper concentration in the East and the other three axis of the study area (Appendix XIII). Similarly the correlation between the west and the north, the west and south were significantly positive since the p-value of 0.00 is less than 0.01. Also, the relationship between the north and south axis had significant difference at 0.01. The result inferred that the source of copper was the same in the four axis and were attributed partly to coal ash dump.
The result showed that the correlation of the arsenic concentration in the east axis with the west axis had no significant difference since the p-value of 0.573 is greater than 0.05 level (Appendix xiv).The correlation between the east and the north axis was significant at 0.05 level, while the relationship between the east and the south was not significant but a negative correlation value of -070 was observed. The relationship between the other three axes (west, north and south) were not significant though positive correlation values of .524, .647 and .334 respectively were observed. The source of arsenic was basically the same and may be attributed to coal ash dump, the variation in the north and south may
and .115 were observed respectively.Correlation of molybdenum concentration in the west axis with the north axis was significant since the p-value of 0.005 is less than 0.01 (Appendix XV). Mean while the relationship between the north and the south was not significant since the p-value of 0.148 is greater than 0.05. The source of molybdenum was basically the same and may be partly attributed to coal ash dump, the variation in the north and south may be as a result of geographical position.
The result of the correlation of selenium concentration in the east with the west and north axis were not significant since the p-values of 0.07 and 0.06 were greater than 0.05 respectively. The correlation of selenium in the east and the south was significant at the 0.05 level (Appendix XVI). Selenium concentration in the west axis had positive correlation at 0.01 level with the concentration in the north axis. There was also significant difference at the 0.05 level between selenium concentration in the West and selenium concentration in the South axis. Correlation of Selenium concentration in the North and the south axis was significant at the 0.05 level. The source of selenium was the same in the four axis and may be partly attributed to coal ash dump.
The result showed that mercury in the east axis could not be correlated with the mercury concentration in the other three axis since the values were below detectable limit of the instrument. However, the correlation was significant at 0.01 level between the mercury concentration in the west, north and south axis (Appendix XVII).