PLANES DE MANTENIMIENTO ANEXO 1.1: TRACTO CAMIONES

In Ethiopia, the governance structures at the region, zone, woreda and the kebele level follow the same tripartite structure—an elected head of the administration, a council with an executive committee and a sector bureau. The regional governments are responsible for

implementing economic and social

development policies and for maintaining public order, including administering a police force, and the federal state is responsible for all powers not delegated to, or shared, with the regions. Each region has at its apex a Regional Council, with its council members directly elected to represent woredas. Regions decide the number of representatives their woredas are allowed to send (Yilmaz and Venugopal, 2008).

One advantage of Ethiopia's decentralized system of governance is that regions are allowed to choose their own approach for making block grant allocations, as long as this is done in a nondiscretionary, formula-based way. Most regions use a three-parameter formula, explained further below, for making block grant allocations to rural woreda while some have experimented with other approaches. The block grant is intended to help woredas meet the recurrent and investment needs of state functions such as education, health care, and agricultural extension. In several regions, urban administrations are not treated like other (rural) woredas in the block grant allocation process and are subject to different rules when determining transfer amounts from regions, even though they officially have woreda status (ibid,2008).

The federal constitution provides for a four-tier decentralization framework consisting of regions

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(or states), zones (cluster of districts), woredas (or districts) and kebeles ( neighborhoods’) (ADB, ADF, 2009). The FDRE constitution of the 1995 establishes the federal structure based on nine regional states and gives them the right to secede (article 39 of the constitution. The regional states are responsible for implementation of economic and social development policies as well as the maintenance public order and administration a police force, and the federal state is given for all powers not delegated to, or shared with the states (Yilmaz and Venugopal, 2008)

2.11.1State governments: state governments shall be established at state and administrative levels that they find necessary and adequate power shall be granted to the lowest unit of government to enable the people to participate directly in the administration of such units

(FDRE constitution, 1995).

2.11.2 Zonal Administration: zonal

administration is the governance level which found below the regional states and the woreda level. The governance structures in the Zones vary- in southern nations, zones (special woredas such as Konso elect councils, that is also have executive committees; in Amhara and Oromiya there are no such elected councils and zonal executive committee and members are appointed by the state council and include those from its own ranks.

According to Yilmaz & Venugopal (2008) zonal executives are chaired by the zonal administrator and comprise, in addition to the elected representatives, civil servants from the other bureaus and security officials. The sector bureaus have officials at the zonal level. 2.11.3 Woreda Administrations: Below zonal administration there is a woreda administration which is the most important local administrative institution under the Ethiopian local governance system (Zemelak, 2009). At the woreda level, the woreda council consists of directly elected representatives from each kebelle in the woreda. Yilmaz and Venugopal (2008) put that

the woreda council has dual accountability; upward to nits respective zonal and regional executive

committees and down ward to its electorate. 2.11.4 Kebele Administrations: Kebele administrative units are the lowest levels of administration in the governance structure of the country that is more closer to the people and are found in both the “urban and rural areas of the country with an average population of 5000” (BerhanuLegesse and Zemelak, 2009). According to Berhanu Legesse (2009) Kebele administrations have elected councils, executive administration, committee social tribunal /courts, a manager and a pool of civil servants and they are entry points for service delivery and their proximity to the people gives them a unique advantage to be responsive to community needs.

Under the broader umbrella of Ethiopian governance structure with regard to municipalities, executive committees or teams of 2-7 are usually appointed by a higher level of government to manage them. At times an elected council supports these commites.The main responsibilities of municipalities were stated in proclamation N0.74 of 1945 and proclamation No. 206 0f 1981.More recently ,regional governments have been reviewing municipal roles and introducing new legislation on the functions of municipalities in their jurisdictions .Allowable municipal functions (subject to appropriate regional approval

include Preparation of budget

proposals,assessement and collection of allowable municipal revenues, preparation and implementation of development plans, provision of internal roads and bridges, provision of markets ,slaughter houses ,terminals ,public gardens ,recreational areas and other public facilities, regulation of clean lines and provision of solid wastes ,water ,sewerage and drainage services ,delivery of miscellaneous services ,including free protection,liberaries ,public toilets ,street lighting ,nursing schools

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,ambulance services etc (Yilmaz and venugopal ,2008)

2.11 Why Local Government is a point of