CAPÍTULO III. RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS Y DISCUSIÓN
3.2. Desempeño profesional en el ámbito de la planificación institucional y
3.3.1. Planificación del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje
This is possibly the first study of its kind in this environment. It is highly
recommended that more studies with the same design be carried out in different parts of this country, and among various categories of students e.g. in tertiary institutions. This shall bring the magnitude of the problem to light on a larger scale so that adequate and appropriate intervention programmes can be done to assist and support academic attainments of students with BFS.
It is also recommended that student mental health should be well developed especially in the secondary schools. There is a need for continual assessment and
intervention. The preventive aspect of it, however, should be emphasised to prevent students’ wastage. The preventive programmes would focus on decreasing risk factors, providing a positive, friendly and open social environment at school and ensuring that each student has access to hospital, community and family supports that are associated with healthy emotional development.
Now that the association between sleep patterns and study habits among BFS students is coming to light, efforts should be made to design primary preventive strategies. Schools should provide BFS prone students varied curricular and
extracurricular activities which will increase the chances of academic success in each student. Students should be helped to see the purpose of the work they have to do, to consider strategies and to monitor their success. In other words, they should be made to be metacognitively aware of the process of studying and effective study habits. The negative impact of sleep deprivation should be thought while good sleep practices should be encouraged. This method will likely be effective in improving feelings of confidence and in increasing the level of achievement of BFS prone students. Students should be helped to develop learning goals, and provided with in-service workshops on learning study habits.
APPENDIX A
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Instruction: Fill in the appropriate answers or put an X in the box opposite the appropriate answer.
1. Gender [ ] Male [ ] Female 2. Age last birthday ___________________years.
3. Nationality [ ] Nigerian
[ ] Others, specify _____________________
4. Religion
[ ] Christianity [ ] Islam
[ ] Others, specify__________
5. Class
[ ] SSS 2 [ ] SSS 3 6. Course
[ ] Arts [ ] Science [ ] Social science
7. No of years already spent in secondary school education:____________
8. (i) Father’s education [ ] No school
[ ] some primary school [ ] completed primary school [ ] some secondary school [ ] completed secondary school
[ ] some college (polytechnic, college of education, professional institutions etc) [ ] completed college
[ ] some university [ ] completed university
[ ] others (specify)...
(ii) Mother’s education [ ] No school
[ ] some primary school [ ] completed primary school [ ] some secondary school [ ] completed secondary school
[ ] some college (polytechnic, college of education, professional institutions etc) [ ] completed college
[ ] some university [ ] completed university
[ ] others (specify):...
10. Father’s occupation: _________________________________
11. Mother’s occupation: _________________________________
12. Type of Family: [ ] Monogamous
[ ] Polygamous
13. Who do you stay with: [ ] Parent(s) [ ] Guardian
APPENDIX B
BRAIN FAG SYNDROME SCALE
The following are some complaints that students sometimes have when they study. Please tick the answer that best applies to you.
1. I get period of complete exhaustion and fatigue:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
2. When I read, I feel that the words don’t make sense:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
3. I find it difficult to concentrate when studying:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
4. I experience brain burning, crawling heat or cold or other unpleasant sensations in my head, while studying.
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
IF ANSWER IS NEVER, GO TO QUESTION 6
5. These unpleasant sensation (burning, crawling, heat, cold) make it difficult for me to study or assimilate what I read:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
6. I am satisfied with my general efficiency in studying and with retention (assimilation) of what I study:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
7. I suffer unpleasant sensations in my body related to study:
1. Often ____________
2. Sometimes ____________
3. Never ____________
APPENDIX C
Selected Items from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Questionnaire
The following questions relate to your usual sleep habits during the past month ONLY. Your answers should indicate the most accurate reply for the majority of days and nights in the past month. Please answer all questions.
1. During the past month, when have you usually gone to bed at night?
USUAL BED TIME_____________________________________
(a) 9 – 10pm (b) 11pm – 12am (c) 1 – 2am (d) 3 – 4am
2. During the past month, how long (in minutes) has it usually taken you to fall sleep each night?
NUMBER OF MINUTES______________________________________
3. During the past month, when have you usually gotten up in the morning?
USUAL GETTING UP TIME (a) 3 – 4am
(b) 4 – 5am (c) 5 – 6am (d) 6 – 7am
4. During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night? (This may be different than the number of hours you spend in bed.)
HOURS OF SLEEP PER NIGHT________________________________
5. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine (Prescribed or “over the counter”) to help you sleep?
6. During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you (a) cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month ________once a week ________Twice a week________Times a week____
(b) Wake up in the middle of the night early morning
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
7. What do you believe about the following statements?
True Maybe False a. I need eight hours of sleep every night to --- --- --- b. When I do not get the amount of sleep I need
at night I have to catch up the next by napping. --- --- --- c. I am concerned that if I go for 2-3 nights
without sleep I may have a nervous
breakdown. --- --- ---
d. When I have trouble sleeping, the best thing
to do is to stay in bed and try harder to sleep. --- --- --- e. If I don’t sleep well at night, I know I cannot
possibly well on the following day. --- --- --- f. When I feel irritable, depressed, or anxious during the day,
I know it is because I slept poorly the night before. --- --- --- 8. How often have you taken things like kolanut, coffee, tea, ephedrine, amphetamine to
keep awake to study.
(a) not at all
(b) less than one week (c) once or twice a week
9. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?
Very good _______Fairly good______Fairly bad______Very bad__________
APPENDIX D
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
The following questions relate to your usual sleep habits during the past month ONLY. Your answers should indicate the most accurate reply for the majority of days and nights in the past month.
Please answer all questions.
1. During the past month, when have you usually gone to bed at night?
USUAL BED TIME_____________________________________
(e) 9 – 10m (f) 11pm – 12am (g) 1 – 2am (h) 3 – 4am
2. During the past month, how long (in minutes) has it usually taken you to fall sleep each night?
NUMBER OF MINUTES______________________________________
3. During the past month, when have you usually gotten up in the morning?
USUAL GETTING UP TIME (e) 3 – 4am
(f) 4 – 5am (g) 5 – 6am (h) 6 – 7am
4. During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night? (This may be different than the number of hours you spend in bed.)
HOURS OF SLEEP PER NIGHT________________________________
6. During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you ...
(c) cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month ________once a week ________Twice a week________Times a week____
(d) Wake up in the middle of the night or early morning
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(e) Have to get up to use the bathroom.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(d) Cannot breathe comfortably.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(e) Cough or snore loudly.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(f) Feel too cold.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(g) Feel too hot.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(h) Had bad dreams.
Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(i) Have pain.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
Other reason(s), please describe ______________________________________
6. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?
Very good __________________
Fairly good __________________
Fairly bad __________________
Very bad __________________
7. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine (Prescribed or “over the counter”) to help you sleep?
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
8. During the past month, how often have you had trouble staying awake while driving, eating meals, or engaging in social activity?
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
9. During the past month, how much of a problem has it been for you to keep up enough enthusiasm to get things done?
No problem at all ________________
Only a very slight problem ________________
Somewhat of a problem ________________
A very big problem ________________
10. Do you have a bed partner or share a room?
No bed partner or do not share a room ___________
Partner/flatmate in other room ___________
Partner in same room, but not same bed ___________
Partner in same bed ___________
11. If you have a bed partner or share a room, ask him/her how often in the past month you have had ………..
(a) Loud snoring.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(b) Long pauses between breaths while asleep.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(c) Legs twitching or jerking while you sleep.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(d) Episodes of disorientation or confusion during sleep.
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
(e) Other restlessness while you sleep: please describe___________________________
________________________________________________________________
______
Not during the Less than Once or Three or more Past month________ once a week________Twice a week ______ Time a week ____
APPENDIX E
Beliefs and Attitudes Questionnaire
What do you believe about the following statements?
True Maybe False 1. I need eight hours of sleep every night --- --- --- 2. When I do not get the amount of sleep I need
at night I have to catch up the next by napping. --- --- --- 3. I am concerned that if I go for 2-3 nights
without sleep I may have a nervous
breakdown. --- --- --- 4. When I have trouble sleeping, the best thing
to do is to stay in bed and try harder to sleep. --- --- --- 5. If I don’t sleep well at night, I know I cannot
possibly well on the following day. --- --- --- 6. When I feel irritable, depressed, or anxious during the day,
I know it is because I slept poorly the night before. --- --- --- 7. By staying in bed longer, I can usually get more sleep &
I feel better the next day. --- --- --- 8. There is no way I can manage the negative
consequences of disturbed sleep. --- --- --- 9. I get overwhelmed by my thoughts at night, and
there is no way to control my racing mind. --- --- --- 10. Unless I can lick insomnia, there is no way I can
enjoy life and be productive. --- --- ---
APPENDIX F
BAKARE’S STUDY HABIT INVENTORY
For example, the first question is:
1. When your assigned homework is too long or unusually hard, do you either stop or study only the easier parts of the lesion?
If, in your case, this happens to be true less than half of the time i.e., sometimes, place an X as shown in the example.
SECTION A: Homework and Assignments 1. When your assigned homework is too long or unusually hard, do you either stop or study only the easier parts of the lesson?
2. If you have to be absent from class, do you make up missed lessons and notes immediately?
3. Even though an assignment is dull and boring do you stick to it until it is completed?
4. Do you put off doing written assignment until the last minute?
5. Do you complete and submit your assignments on time?
6. Do you begin your assignments as soon as the teacher gives them to you and not allow them to pile up?
SECTION B: Time Allocation
7. Do you waster too much time talking or listening to the radio for the good of your studies?
8. Do you find that having many other things to do causes you to get behind in your school work?
9. Do problems outside of the classroom – with other students or at home – cause you to neglect your school work?
10. Do you study for at least three hours each day after classes?
11. Is your time unevenly distributed; do you spend too much time on some subjects and not enough on others?
12. Do you spend too much time reading fiction (novels), going out etc., for the good of your school work?
Almost Never
Less than Half of the Time
About Half of the Time
More than Half of the
Time
Almost Always
Almost Never
Less than Half of the Time
About Half of the Time
More than Half of the
Time
Almost Always
SECTION C: Reading and Note Taking
13. In taking notes, do you tend to write down things which later turn out to be unimportant?
14. After reading several pages of an assignment, do you find yourself unable to remember what you have just read?
15. Do you find it hard to pick out the important points of a reading assignment?
16. When reading a long assignment do you stop now and then to try remember what you have read?
17. Do you have to re-read material several times because the words don’t have much meaning the first time you go over them?
18. Do you have trouble picking out the important points in the material read or studied?
19. Do you go back and recite to yourself the material you have studied, rechecking any points you find doubtful?
20. Do you miss important points in the lecture while copying down notes on something which has gone before?
21. Do you pronounce words to yourself as you read?
SECTION D: Study Period Procedures 22. Do you keep all our notes for each subject together and carefully arranged for studying?
23. Do you need a long time to get warmed up when you want to start studying?
24. Are you unable to study well because you get restless and unable to sit for long?
25. When you sit down to study, do you find yourself too tired, bored or sleepy to study well?
26. Do you prefer to study your lessons alone rather than with others?
27. Do you seem to get very little done for the amount of time you spend studying?
28. At the beginning of a study period, do you plan your work so that you will make the best use of your time?
29. Do you find yourself best by too much health
Almost Never
Less than Half of the Time
About Half of the Time
More than Half of the
Time
Almost Always
problems to study efficiency?
SECTION E: Concentration
30. Do you find that day dreaming distracts your attention from your lessons while studying?
31. Do you find it hard to keep your mind on what you are studying for any length of time?
32. Do outside interruptions disturb you while studying?
SECTION F: Written Work
33. Do you correct errors on the papers which your teachers have marked and returned to you?
34. Do you have trouble saying what you want to say on tests, essays and other written work?
35. Do your teachers criticize your written work for being poorly planned or hurriedly written?
36. Do you give special attention to neatness on essays, reports and other written work?
SECTION G: Examinations
37. Do you do poorly on tests because you find it hard it think clearly and plan your work within a short period of time?
38. Do you get nervous and confused when taking a test and therefore fail to answer questions as well as you otherwise could?
39. When getting ready for a test, do you arrange facts to be learned in some planned order?
40. Are you careless about spelling, punctuation and grammar when answering test questions?
41. Are you unable to finish test within the time allowed although you work until the very last minute?
42. When test are returned, do you find that your mark has been lowered by careless mistakes?
43. Do you finish your examination papers and turn them in before time on the examination?
SECTION H: Teacher Consultation
44. When you are having with a particular subject, do you try to talk it over with the teacher?
45. Do you hesitate to ask a teacher for further explanation on a point that is not clear to you?
Almost Never
Less than Half of the Time
About Half of the Time
More than Half of the
Time
Almost Always
APPENDIX G
Stanine Norms for the Study Habit Inventory (SHI) Sections
Stanine A B C D E F G H Total SHI
9 ≥ 30 ≥ 29 ≥ 39 ≥ 38 ≥ 15 ≥ 20 ≥ 32 10 ≥ 193 8 28-29 28 36-38 35-37 13-14 19 29-31 9 184-192 7 26-27 26-27 34-35 33-34 12 17-18 27-28 8 173-183 6 24-25 24-25 31-33 30-32 11 16 25-26 7 162-172 5 22-23 21-23 29-30 27-29 9-10 15 22-24 6 152-161 4 20-21 19-20 27-28 25-26 8 13-14 20-21 5 142-151 3 18-19 17-18 25-26 22-24 7 12 18-19 4 131-141 2 15-17 15-16 22-24 19-21 5-6 10-11 15-17 3 119-130
1 1-14 1-14 1-21 1-18 1-4 1-9 1-14 1-2 80-118