Planificación de los recursos humanos

sharply superiorly, making an angle of about 30 degrees with the Frankfort plane. On the right side, there is quite a strong crest lateral to the major rectus capitis

posterior attachment area.

The squamous parts of the temporal bones are low and small compared to the total height of the cranium. On the right side (the better preserved) the anterior part of the squamous suture runs postero-superiorly in the

direction of obelion, then medially and superiorly to form a single even curve to the supramastoid crest. The left squamous is gently convex in an antero-posterior direction and generally follows the shape of the inferior parietal bone; the right squamous, which is also gently convex,

appears to diverge anteriorly sharply towards the midline but this is at least partially the result of post mortem warping. The right squamous temporal fossa is slightly concave. Pterion type, at least for the left side, is a spheno-parietal suture of about 12 mm length (Martin Type a ) .

The left external auditory meatus is of Martin Type 4; the right one angles slightly forward infero-superiorly but still could be classed as Type 4. No auditory exostoses

are visible. The tympanic bone of the margins of the meati is thin. The glenoid fossae are long, narrow and deep, especially with regard to the articular eminence which drops as quite a steep curve; the right glenoid fossa is

10 mm deep. A right postglenoid tubercle of moderate development is present. There is a distinct change of

gradient about two thirds way along the surface of the right articular eminence to produce a depression within the fossa complementary in shape to a mandibular condyle; this 'fossa

within the glenoid fossa1 measures 22 mm long and 12 mm wide. The glenoid fossae angle guite sharply, their long axes bisecting just posterior to basion making an angle of about 135 degrees with each other, or about 22.5 degrees bilaterally with the transverse plane; this trait is only mildly affected by post mortem warping

(plate 5-18). The styloid processes would certainly have been of more than rudimentary development but only their

roots are preserved.

Bilaterally the suprameatalridge is of moderate development. The (left) zygomatic process of the temporal

is moderately strongly developed and of "medium" size; its inferior margin commences posteriorly with a well- developed tubercle,then continues to the tempero-malar suture as a transversely broad, flat and smooth surface forming a distinct concavity in lateral view. The zygomatic arch is not of Sarasin's Henkel form and has a minimum height of 7 mm.

The left supramastoid crest is of "medium" development; the right is distinct but not sufficiently well preserved to be graded. From the supramastoid crest

an angular crest, on the left strongly developed and on the right moderately developed, runs inferiorly to meet

the mastoid crest on the upper mastoid process. The mastoid crests appear to be strongly developed, especially on the left side, and start near asterion and run down the extant mastoid processes. The left mastoid process has an antero­ posterior diameter of 17 mm and a medio-lateral diameter of 14 mm and is longer than 26 mm; it would not however seem to have been as long as 33.5 mm and thus is probably of

"medium" development (both mastoid tips are broken). Strong occipito- mastoid crests are present. The (left) digastric fossa is "narrow" and poorly developed, with probably only a poorly developed juxtamastoid process (preservation here is not good).

Nasion is moderately low and sits in a smooth gentle depression; its anterior projection relative to the fronto-

malar articulations is only modest. The nasofrontal articulation is "wide" measuring 12.5 mm; it runs in a

170 .

slightly wobbly line with the right half of omega but the left half of a low triangular shape. Superiorly the nasal bones while not rounded are fairly flat; the frontal processes of the maxilla drop guite strongly away postero- laterally. From the shape of the left frontal process of the maxilla, the nasal bones would have projected only moderately inferiad, and would have been guite long with a chord measurement of 23 mm for the left naso-maxillary articulation, and of hourglass shape more specifically Martin-Sailer Type 2 (de Villiers 1968:fig. 38). The extant interorbital region is moderately broad.

The left orbit is large, especially when compared to the rest of the face, mesoconch (orbital index = 81.8 following Martin & Sailer 1957:1428), and of a very evenly rounded shape. The malar orbital borders are quite sharp, reaching only a "dull" shape at the infero-lateral corners. In lateral view the orbits are conspicuously flat. The frontal processes, especially the right, are broad and strongly obliquely oriented with very little development of the marginal process, and splay strongly inferiad to produce "marked" eversion of the lower border of the malar

(estimated c. 21 mm) .

The malar processes of the maxilla are strongly developed and oriented in an antero-1ateral direction due to the fairly marked canine fossa development. The lower borders are long and quite strongly concave. A right

infraorbital foramen is discernable. The main body of the malars sits at a sharp angle relative to the malar processes, with the change in direction occurring about 6 mm lateral to the malar-maxillary suture without any associated ridge development. Despite this angulation, the main body of the malar is more obliquely than posteriorly oriented due to the antero-transverse direction of the malar processes. The malar-maxillary sutures cross the orbital borders about half way along their lengths and show marked eversion. The left suture measures 29 mm from the orbit to zygomaxillare. The malars are large, quite thick and strongly constructed, but with gracile surfaces such that the most conspicious

features are moderately developed infraorbital bars and some roughening of the inferior borders due to masseteric attachment. As a unit the cheeks are tall (right WMH = 24.5 mm), only moderately flaring, and high on the face such

that, despite their tallness, the inferior borders are superior to the lower narial margins.

The nasal region is long with a low inferior

nasal aperture, and narrow (nasal index estimated at about 49.5). The nasal aperture projects only slightly

anteriorly to the malars. The extant inferior border of the nasal aperture shows a clear fossa prenasalis region between fairly slightly developed aristae prenasalis and paraseptal ridges, so the region is "non-anthropine" or

infantile in form (Martin Type 1). The medial section has been destroyed, but the anterior nasal spine would probably not have shown more than "slight" development.

Relative to the malar processes the palatal region of the maxillary is fairly narrow. The alveolar process is also short, especially anteriorly such that the right canine root apex clearly projects superior to the lower

narial margins. Subnasal prognathism may be discerned as low within the "medium" grade. As LBP is late adolescent its palate would have reached almost adult dimensions, especially the breadths (Jordanan 1972:233); though poorly preserved it would have been of "medium" size, "deep" and of long "parabolic" shape. The alveolar process is not notably robust and the walls adhere closely to the molars' buccal and lingual root borders. A lingual maxillary

hyperostosis in the form of a sharp tubercle is present at the left M-".

The extant dentition is

Odontometrics are: Right Left M-D B-L M-D C 8.1 8.9 C 8.3 B-L 8.9 . . /1 72

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M-D B-L M-D B-L

P1 8.0 10.0 P2 7.4 9.9

M1 12.0 12.3 M1 11.9 12.3

M 2 11.1 12.5 M2 11.5 12.5

All maxillary molars show the full quadricuspid form without development of the metaconule. There is no trace of Carabelli's anomaly but the buccal surfaces show a groove at about midcrown level paralleling the form

1 2

described for LB3's M and M . Premolars are single

rooted. The right canine shows a trace tuberculum dentale; the left canine shows mesial and distal interruption

grooves as well as slight tuberculum dentale; neither shove any shovelling. Small distal accessory ridges of class 1 (Scott 1977:455) are present. Canines and first molars exhibit Broca grade 2 wear.

Teeth are large; only the right C mesiodistal diameter is about equal to the LB mean, all other

measurements clearly larger, especially the molars'. (LBP's female status increases the significance of this). The premolars show low robusticity with indices of 125.0 and 133.8 for the P^and P2 respectively (see table 4-24); this is at least partially due to absence of interstitial wear. The left P^/M^ M-D index is 62.2, falling within the

Melanesian range (table 4-17) and reflecting the considerable length of the first molars.

The middle meningeal patterns are not as complex or deeply chiselled as for the LB endocrania, still obelionic branches from both anterior and posterior branches are

present, and of pattern Type III of Adachi, or Type IV on the left and Type IVb on the right of Giuffrida-Ruggeri

(fig. 5-5) .

Vault thickness measurements are: 15 mm at nasion, 14.5 mm near glabella, 6 mm at bregma, 6.5 mm at lambda, and 4 mm and 3 mm at right and left euryon: a cranium of moderate thickness (see Brown et al 1979:Table 6 (p.64)).

LBP1s cranial capacity cannot be measured

directly, however application of the formulae in Hambly (1940:94) all give estimates between 1200+46 cc (von Bonin's formula) and 1300+ 46 cc (Hooke's formula), with only Lee's formula giving a significantly different

estimate (1427 cc). Hambly (1940:94-95) shows that Lee's formula is inapplicable to male New Guinea crania: he prefers Isserlis' and Manouvrier's formulae which would put LBP's cranial capacity at 1260 cc. Since LBP's neurocranium is 'Palae-Melanesid' in shape (chapter 6), von Bonin's formula, based on Tolai crania, may be

preferable. 1200 + 50 cc seems a reasonable estimate of LBP's cranial capacity.