before birth, by passing the pulmonary
circulation
40.
A. True – Arising from the anterior aortic sinus on the right side of the
pulmonary trunk the artery passes between the right auricle
and the pulmonary trunk and descends in the anterior
atrioventricular groove
B. True – The artery to the SA node supplies the SA node and right and
left atrioventricular bundles
C. False – It accompanies the small cardiac vein in the anterior
interventricular groove and accompanies the coronary sinus
in the right posterior coronary sulcus.
The great cardiac vein passes in the anterior interventricular
groove along with the anterior interventricular artery, a
D. False – The apex of the heart receives blood from the anterior
interventricular branch of the left coronary artery and not by
a branch of the right coronary artery
E. False – The branches arising from the right coronary artery are conus
artery, SA nodal artery, marginal artery, AV nodal artery and
posterior interventricular branch.
The circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery
41.
A. False – The left border of the heart is formed mostly (4/5ths) by the
left ventricle, with the auricle of the left atrium forming the
uppermost part (1/5th ).
B. True - The left atrium forms the posterior surface (base) of the heart
and lies behind the right atrium
C. True – The oblique sinus lies posterior to the left atrium and the
transverse sinus lies anterior to the left atrium D. True – Its posterior relations are the oesophagus and
thoracic aorta
E. True – The four pulmonary veins, two on each side on its posterior wall open in to the left atrium. These veins do not have valves
42.
A. False - The common atrium is separated by the interatrial septum which in developed from four embryonic parts. They are the septum primum, septum secondum, septum spurium and the left value of sinus venosus.
B. True
C. False - The pulmonary arteries develop from the proximal part of the sixth aortic arches on left and right sides. The right horn of sinus venosus along with the sinus venosus gets absorbed into the right side of the common atrium giving rise to the smooth part of the right atrium.
D. True - Upper half of the right valve of sinus venosus gives rise to the
crista terminals and from the lower half develops the valves
of the coronary sinus and inferior vena cava. E. False- Smooth part of the right atrium is developed
from the sinus venosus and its right horn. The coronary sinus develops from the left horn of sinus venosus.
Posterior Mediastinum
43.
A. True – The descending thoracic aorta is the continuation of the arch
of the aorta. The arch ends at the fourth thoracic vertebral
level and the descending aorta begins at this level
B. True
C. False –The pericardiacophrenic artery arises from the internal
thoracic artery
D. False – It passes through the diaphragm at T12 vertebral level
E. True – The upper part of the oesophagus (the cervical part) is
supplied by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries. The
middle part (the thoracic part) is supplied by oesophageal
branches of the descending thoracic aorta and bronchial
arteries. The lower part is supplied by the oesophageal
branches of the left gastric artery 44.
A. True
B. False – It enters the thorax by passing through the aortic opening of
the diaphragm
C.
True - It ascends upto the 4th thoracic vertebral leveland arches
forwards over the root of the right lung and ends by opening
into the superior vena cava
D.
True – Its tributaries are superior intercostal vein formed by 2nd, 3rd,4th posterior intercostal veins, 5th 11th posterior
intercostal
veins, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos, oesophageal,
pericardial and mediastinal veins, and the right bronchial vein.
E. False – The azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava. The right
atrium receives the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and
the coronary sinus.
45.
A. True – The descending aorta gives off nine pairs of posterior
intercostal arteries (for 3rd -11th spaces), a pair of
subcostal
arteries, bronchial arteries, oesophageal vessels, pericardial
branches and superior phrenic arteries
B. False – The musculophrenic artery is a terminal branch of the internal
thoracic artery C. True
D. False – The superior intercostal artery is a descending branch of the
costocervical trunk which comes off from the second part of
the subclavian artery E. True
46.
A.
True – The anterior relations of the thoracic part of the oesophagusfrom above downwards are: the trachea and the left
recurrent laryngeal nerve; the left principal bronchus and the
right pulmonary artery; and the pericardium which separates
it from the left atrium
B.
True – The thoracic part of the oesophagus lies anterior to the bodiesof the thoracic vertebrae, thoracic duct, azygos vein, right
posterior intercostal arteries and at the lower end the
descending thoracic aorta
C. False – The muscularis externa of the oesophagus in the upper third
is composed of skeletal muscle; the middle third is composed
of both skeletal and smooth muscle; and the lower third is
composed of smooth muscle
D.
True – The veins from the upper third drain into the inferior thyroidveins, from the middle third into the azygos veins and from
the lower third into the left gastric vein, a tributary of the
portal vein
E.
True – Just below the bifurcation of the trachea in the posteriormediastinum the oesophagus is crossed anteriorly by the left
main bronchus and the right pulmonary artery 47.
A. True
B. False – The oesophagus has three anatomic constrictions. The first is
pharyngo-oesophageal junction, the second is where aortic
arch and left bronchus cross its anterior surface, and third
occurs where the oesophagus passes through the diaphragm
C.
True – It lies posterior to the trachea and the left recurrent laryngealnerve; the left principal bronchus and the right pulmonary
artery; and the pericardium which separates it from the left
atrium D. True
E.
True – The upper third of the oesophagus is supplied by the inferiorthyroid artery, the middle third by branches from the
descending thoracic aorta, and the lower third by branches
from the left gastric artery 48.
A.
True – Nerves lying in the superior mediastinum are : phrenic, vagusand cardiac nerves, and left recurrent laryngeal nerve
B.
True – The right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, thepericardium over the right atrium and the inferior cava lie on
its medial side
C. False – The right phrenic is not related to the thoracic duct
D.
True – Its terminal branches pass through the caval opening in thecentral tendon to supply the undersurface of the diaphragm
E.
True – The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura, fibrouspericardium, parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Lungs and Pleurae
49.
A. True – The right lung has three lobes. The inferior lobe is below and
behind the oblique fissure. The part of right lung in front and
above the oblique fissure is subdivided in to the superior lobe
and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure. The left lung has
two lobes, superior and inferior, sparated by the oblique
fissure
B. False – The right lung has five structure in the hilum, namely the two
pulmonary veins, one pulmonary artery, upper lobar
bronchus and right principal bronchus. The left has four
structures in the hilum, namely the two pulmonary veins, one
pulmonary artery and the left principal bronchus C. True – It has three, two and five bronchopulmonary
segements in
the upper, middle and lower lobes respectively D. False – The arch of the aorta is related to the
mediastinal surface of
the left lung. The azygos vein is related to the mediastinal
surface of the right lung
50.
A. True – The parietal pleura is attached to the inferior surface of the
suprapeural membrane and extends up to the neck of the first
rib B. True
C. False – The parietal pleura is developed from the somatic mesoderm
and the visceral pleura from the visceral (splanchnic)
mesoderm
D.
True – From the mediastinal layer of the parietal a cuff of membranesurrounds the hilum of the lung (the root of lung) which forms
the pulmonary ligament inferiorly and continues with the
visceral pleura.
E.
True – The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall(rib cage, vertebrae and diaphragm). The recess formed by the
parietal pleura inferiorly between the ribs and the diaphragm
is the costo diaphragmatic recess. 51.
A. False – There are ten bronchpulmonary segments in each lung and
each of the ten bronchopulmonary segments have ten
segmental bronchi
B. False – Each bronchopulmonary segment is pyramidal in shape with
the base towards the lung surface and apex towards the
hilum
C. False – Each segment is supplied by a segmental brochuus. Lobar
bronchi supply the lobes of the lung (two lobar bronchi in the
left lung and three lobar bronchi in the right lung)
D.
True – It is the smallest part of the lung that could be surgicallyremoved with minimal bleeding and damage
E.
True – This is important because if this artery gets blocked that partwill become an infarct
52.
A. True – The cervical pleura extends up into the neck above the clavicle
up to the level of the neck of the first rib, lining the
undersurface of suprapleural membrane. It reaches a level 1-
1.5 inches (2.5 – 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle
B. True – The parietal layer of pleura lines the thoracic wall. Loose
areolar tissue separates it from the endothoracic fascia which
is an extrapleural sheet of fascia that lines the thoracic wall
C. True – The two layers are continuous with one another by means of
a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and
leaving the lung at the hilum of each lung. This pleura extends
for a distance below the hilum froming a double layered fold
called the pulmonary ligament D. True
E. False – It is sensitive to stretch, but is insensitive to common
sensations such as pain and touch. The parietal pleura is
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