2.- EL PLANO DE LA CIUDAD

On-the-go and seamless outdoors-indoors localisation solutions have become an important research field over the last few years. The solutions accomplish the full capacity of most SPs-LBS applications. Moreover, it is generally accepted that outdoor

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localisation solutions are accurate to locate SPs within few meters, using the onboard GNSS technology as an example. Nonetheless, indoors localisation solutions do not satisfy reliability and availability of current LBS applications. In addition, all existing indoors localisation solutions are purposely designed with specialised hardware.

Therefore, this research study proposes novel solutions to hybridise the GNSS with other wireless/sensor technologies onboard SPs that does not require dedicated hardware. The dedicated hardware includes host server/database, Internet connection and pre-calibration/surveying. The proposed solutions can be performed anywhere, anytime, and with any SP.

The novelties of this research study centre on:

1. Achieving better SP-position accuracy solution

2. Providing outdoors-indoors seamless SPs localisation solution

3. Offering on-the-go, easy-deployable and low-cost localisation solution

In particular, when these solutions are implemented inside any LBS applications on SPs the following advantages can be taken:

1. Reducing the cost due to no need of any pre-installed and calibrated localisation infrastructure.

2. Minimising the required memory, connection/interaction traffic and processing time owing to no need to use dedicated Internet based database/server. Thus it saves battery-power consumption on SPs.

3. Increasing the utilisation of SPs geographic location. Additionally, it meets the LBS-users’ requirements because the solutions work on-the-go, anytime and anywhere.

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4. Easily integrating the solutions to any SPs LBS applications, once the software component is installed.

Different hypotheses and scenarios based on the simulation (using OPNET) and live trials implementation have proved the viability of these schemes. Therefore, all the proposed schemes, in this study, as a localisation solution is a good candidate for seamless LBS localisation applications on SPs. Because the proposed schemes all together are accurate, low-cost, on-the-go, anytime, anywhere and locate SPs without using any pre-installed and calibrated infrastructure. In addition, the research achievements of this study can be exploited to produce commercial products to be implemented on SPs within a particular LBS application. Further conclusions on this work study in terms of commercial impact, social impact and security issues are discussed in next subsections.

6.2.1 Commercial Impact and Promising Applications

The research contributions of this thesis can be exploited to produce commercial products to be implemented on SPs within a particular LBS application. This is because:

1. The proposed schemes are enabled to be applicable for use as low cost solution for most LBS applications (such as patient or disabled monitoring, security &

safety and POI applications). Because of the schemes can be implemented on SPs without deploying or calibrating additional hardware.

2. The schemes provide accurate, on-the-go and seamless positioning solutions.

Moreover, several LBS applications are depending on these features. For example, an advertisement in large stores or guidance in museums with SPs is feasible if a precise location of the SPs is obtained seamlessly from outdoors into indoors.

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6.2.2 Social Impact

The proposed schemes can LBSN applications. The LBSN applications are part of a new feature of social networking tools. In addition, the LBSN applications are the aggregation between the LBS and OSN. LBSN applications enable the cooperated group-of-users looking up the location of another “friend” using SPs [140].

The schemes bring more accurate and cost-effective health and social care to the infirm/old people’s houses just by using their SPs. The social and health care provide such people with a pleasant time at home. For example, AAL is a new project [139]. The AAL concerns how technology is smartly used to serve disabled and elderly people in a chosen circumference. As a result, the preferred project can provide a new invented settlement with a great impact on the goodness of life.

6.2.3 Security and Safety Impact

The proposed schemes can supply new features/factors like accurate/always location and time to enhance authentication process in most mCommerce applications. The preferred project is able to provide new privacies or factors such as constant location and time to promote authentication procedure in many mCommerce applications. For instance, these days, many banking systems that require the user’s location as a modern factor of certificate [141]. The location-based certificate has several advantages. For instance, if the owner of the account likes to work on his/her account, it needs confirming his/her location at the beginning. When he/she is at the bank office or at home, he can access the account. Nonetheless, if he/she is in another place he cannot enter his/her bank account.

The cooperative feature of the proposed schemes is also a good candidate solution to monitor indoors-firefighters locations accurately with the enhancement of their safety in many conditions. For instance, firefighters always try to enter buildings with full of smoke or without light and, in such low-vision; look for the environment to establish a shared knowledge of the condition, and to determine the mission of the involvement [142].

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