El Sistema de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito en el Perú

Official Statistical Data

The official statistics on politically motivated crimes (PMK) in 2004, published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, display – for the first time since the introduction of the new registration system in 2001 (see RAXEN 5 Annual Report) – an increase of right wing acts. In 2004, 12,553 of these PMK right wing crimes were registered, which represents an increase of 8.4% in comparison to the year 2003 (11.576; 2002: 12,933; 2001: 14,725). This increase mainly results from the increase of propaganda offences (2004: 8,455; 2003: 7,951). The number of violent crimes in the category “PMK right-wing” decreased from 845 in 2003 to 832 (2004).

Furthermore the Federal Report on the Protection of the Constitution, which concentrates on extremist crimes (i.e. aiming at overthrowing the constitutional order), categorises 12,051 of a total of 12,553 PMK right-wing crimes as “extremist crimes” – an increase of 11.7% compared to 10,792 such crimes in 2003.138 _{Furthermore, the number of right-wing extremist violent crimes rose}

slightly from 759 (2003) to 776 (2004), which is an increase of 2.2% (see graph 1).139

138 _{A differentiation according to the type of crime is presented in the annex.}

139 _{Germany, Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI), Verfassungsschutzbericht 2004,}

Graph 12: Extremist right-wing (violent) crimes 1993-2004 10,561 7,952 7,896 8,730 11,719 11,049 15,951 10,902 12,051 1,322 776 10,795 10,054 10,037 772 709 784 _{612 624} 790 ₇₀₈ 746 998 759 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 criminal acts

of which: violent crimes

Source: Verfassungsschutzbericht 2004 (BMI 2005)

The number of politically motivated crimes with a xenophobic or antisemitic background increased in 2004: 2,553 of all PMK-right-wing crimes (12,553) were deemed to be xenophobic (2003: 2,431) and 1,346 as antisemitic (2003: 1,226).140 _{The Federal Report on the Protection of the Constitution, however,}

registered a decrease of xenophobically motivated violent crimes: a xenophobic motivation of the perpetrator was registered in 368 cases of a total of 776 violent extremist right-wing crimes recorded by the police in 2004 (i.e. 47.7%) (310 cases of bodily harm; 29 cases of arson). In 2003, the number of those violent crimes with a xenophobic background was at 430 (i.e. 56% of a total of 759 in 2003). The number of antisemitic violent crimes increased slightly from 35 in 2003 to 37 in 2004.141

140 _{Press release BMI (09.05.2005)} 141 _{BMI 2005, p.34}

Graph 13: Violent crimes with extremist right-wing background 1997-2004 37 759 772 709 998 746 708 790 ₇₇₆ 430 440 374 641 451 435 462 368 35 28 18 29 16 16 11 294 304 317 328 279 257 317 371 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

total of which xenophobic

of which antisemitic of which other violent crimes

Source: Verfassungsschutzbericht 2004 (BMI 2005)

For further statistical data differentiated according to federal states see annex.

Development in the first six months of 2005

The following statistics are based on the monthly parliamentary inquires on extreme right-wing and xenophobic crimes; these preliminary data on PMK right-wing crimes are below the final figures.142

In the first six months of 2005, 4,685 politically motivated right-wing crimes were registered, which is an increase of 27.5% compared to the first half year 2004 (3,814). This development is mainly due to the drastic increase of propaganda offences, which rose from 2,653 (01-06/2004) to 3,780 in the comparable period of 2005 (+42.5%). The number of PMK right-wing crimes categorised as violent crimes also increased by 9.2 % from 238 (01-06/2004) to 260; 217 people were injured as a result of those crimes (01-06/2004: 197). Simultaneously, a minor decrease was registered in the number of PMK crimes with a xenophobic background: In the first six months of 2005, 711 of these 4,685 PMK right-wing crimes were deemed to be xenophobic (01-06/2004: 719). 102 of those xenophobic acts were registered as violent crimes (01- 06/2004: 120) – with 66 people being injured (01-06/2004: 91).

142 _{www.petra-pau.de/15_bundestag/dok/down/2005_zf-rechtsextreme-straftaten.pdf}

Tab. 10: PMK/right-wing: Criminal acts and violent crimes 2005 (first six months)

Criminal acts

Total number of which xenophobic criminal acts

of which violent crimes among those:

violent crimes January 745 39 106 21 February 773 41 104 17 March 908 44 153 15 April 660 23 83 8 May 983 62 136 20 June 796 51 129 21 Total 4,865 260 711 102

Source: BMI (according to the monthly parliamentary inquiries)

Non-Official Statistical Data

In addition to these official statistics, various NGOs that are engaged in the field of victim support provide further statistical insights in the phenomena of extreme right-wing incidents. In this context the annual statistics on extreme right-wing and racist violence (2004) in East Germany compiled by the association Opferperspektive play a leading role.143 _{These non-official annual}

statistics list 551 acts of extreme right-wing violence with at least 805 victims in East Germany (based on the organisations’ research). 285 people of the total number of 805 victims were refugees, migrants or ethnic German migrants, who were, according to Opferperspektive, attacked for racist reasons. Five people were victims of antisemitic attacks. The level of extreme right-wing violence remains on a high level: In 2003, too, 551 such acts and 808 victims were registered.144 _{(Further information on similar non-official statistics for the area}

of Leipzig, see annex.)

143 _{These non-official statistics are compiled in cooperation with all East-German victim}

support organisations financially supported within the governmental programme CIVITAS; they are based on the organisations’ practical counselling work for victims as well as on their own research (newspapers, internet, police etc.).

Groups of victims

Official data on groups of victims hardly exist or are not accessible. The official statistics usually do not contain any specific information on the victims, except for some rare cases when the nationality of the victims was also made public (e.g. the Mecklenburg-West Pomeranian State Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2003).

Non-official information sources (e.g. victim support organisations, or the Internet platform “Mut-gegen-rechte-Gewalt”) indicate that people with a dark skin colour and “members of physically visible minority groups” (ECRI)145 are most frequently subjected to xenophobic attacks and assaults; in many cases the victims are described as “Africans”, asylum seekers or ethnic German migrants. This is confirmed by the results of a research study (2001) based on the analysis of police investigation files, according to which the vast majority of the victims of these xenophobic violent crimes were (recognised) asylum seekers (37%), (other) foreigners (41%) and ethnic German migrants (13%).146

This general tendency is also confirmed by a recent study on right-wing violence in Berlin (see 7.1.3): 63% of the victims of extreme right-wing violence crimes in Berlin were – at least according to the perception of the perpetrators – “foreigners”.147

Groups of perpetrators

Whereas detailed information on right-wing extremist groups and political parties are available in the reports on the Protection of the Constitution, the official data do not offer further insights concerning the perpetrators of right- wing or xenophobic crimes.

The most comprehensive research study on (suspected) perpetrators in the context of xenophobic and antisemitic crimes was conducted by the German Youth Institute (DJI), based on the analysis of, among others, interviews, court and police files in the late 1990s. The research report (2001) offers information on the social background of the perpetrators, which we present only very briefly here.

The majority of perpetrators were between 15 and 24 years old and about 90% of all perpetrators are male. On average, the perpetrators had a lower educational level; nevertheless, the number of those who had not attained any formal educational qualification was low. Compared to the general unemployment rate in the individual age groups, the perpetrators were disproportionately often without a job – although this is not valid for xenophobically motivated violent crimes. These results are widely confirmed by the study “Right-wing violence in Berlin”.

145 _{ECRI (2004), Dritter Bericht über Deutschland, p. 25}

146 _{Peucker, C.; Gaßebner, M; Wahl, K. (2001) „Analyse polizeilicher Ermittlungsakten}

zu fremdenfeindlichen, antisemitischen und rechtsextremistischen Tatverdächtigen“, in Wahl, K. (ed.): Fremdenfeindlichkeit, Antisemitismus, Rechtsextremismus. Drei Studien zu Tatverdächtigen und Tätern, Berlin, pp. 12-88 (here: pp.52-53)