REINCIDENCIAS DE TRÁNSITO
4.7 Sanciones, gradualidad y plataformas
4.7.5 Plataformas de registro
A1
• Verification of the requirement analysis (Checking the requirements of the user) • Definition and development of subsystems (Dividing the system into functional units) • Screen design, form design (Designing input format, output format)
• Code design (Structures of employee code, product code, etc.)
• Logic data design (Identifying data; deciding on data structure and items) • Preparation of external design specifications
A2
• Functional partitioning, structuring (Identifying the functions and grouping them by processing contents)
• File design (Specifically deciding the file medium, organization, layout, etc.)
• Input/output detailed design (Deciding input/output medium, method, and check method) • Preparation of internal design specifications
A3
To increase the level of module strength (functional strength) and to reduce the level of coupling (data coupling)
A4
Numeric check: Check if the numerical item is really a number
Format check: Check if the data is in the right format and that the digits are correctly aligned
Limit check: Check if the value is within the upper and lower bounds Range check: Check if the value is within the correct range
Sequence check: Check if the key items are listed in sequence
A5
It is the method whereby test cases are designed based on the external specifications of the program. Regardless of the program logic, test data is prepared based on the external specifications.
A6
It is the method whereby test cases are designed based on the internal specifications of the program. There are several test criteria: listed in ascending order of rigidity (strictness), they are instruction coverage, decision condition coverage (branch coverage), condition coverage (branch condition coverage), decision/condition coverage, and multiple condition coverage.
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Q1. Which of the following is an appropriate statement concerning the optimization of a compiler?
a) It generates intermediate code for the interpreter instead of generating object code.
b) It generates object code that runs on a machine different from the computer on which the compiler runs.
c) It generates object code that displays the name of the routine to which the control is passed or the content of a variable at a certain point in time when the program is executed.
d) It analyzes program code and generates object code so that the processing can become more efficient during execution.
Correct Answer:
d
The optimization of a compiler means eliminating the redundancy of the object program.
a) Optimization means the elimination of redundancy; it is the compiler that generates intermediate code. Hence, this statement is not an explanation of optimization.
b) This is an explanation of cross compilers. c) This is an explanation of tracers.
d) Optimization increases the processing efficiency during execution through various means including removing unnecessary parentheses and pre-calculating operations involving only constants.
Question 1
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Q2. Which of the following is an appropriate statement with regard to the method for defining an
element, which is a minimum unit for constructing an XML document?
a) A start tag and an end tag are paired up for the construction, and neither tag can be omitted. b) A data element is constructed so that it can be placed between a start tag and an end tag.
In some cases, however, no data exists.
c) In an XML document, multiple root elements can be defined to represent a hierarchical structure.
d) Comment information is added to represent the type of element. This is identified as the element name.
Correct Answer:
b
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is an extension of the functions of HTML, eliminating unnecessary functions of SGML and optimized to be used on the Web as well. XML, like HTML, is used on the Web; the difference is that whereas the tags of HTML are fixed, the tags of XML can be defined uniquely by the user by means of the definition called DTD (Document Type Definition). a) It is correct that the structure is such that the data is surrounded by a start tag and an end tag, but
when there is no data, to indicate the empty element, a special tag such as <element name/> can be designated, distinguished from the start tag. For instance, this may be a description like <img SRC=“filename”/>. Hence, the start tag and the end tag may not form a pair.
b) In principle, the data is surrounded by a start tag and an end tag. If there is no data, that is acceptable.
c) In XML, all elements are in nested structure. An element may directly contain other multiple elements, but there is no element that is directly contained in multiple elements. Here, the one that includes others is called a “parent,” and that which is included is called a “child.”
d) Comment information is not contained in the data and is practically ignored. Comments are surrounded by “<!--” and “-->.”
XML document
Element 1 Element 3
Element 21 Element 22 Element 23
Element 2
Answer 2
Question 2
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Q3. Which of the following statements describes the characteristic of the waterfall model, which
guarantees the consistency of system development?
a) In principle, it is not allowed to go backwards across development phases. b) System development is divided into multiple phases to be managed. c) It is absolutely necessary to create a project organization.
d) The development activities in the next phase are based on the results passed down from the preceding phase.
Correct Answer: d
The waterfall model is a process model in which system development proceeds from upstream phase to downstream phase in sequence: “basic planning external design internal design program design programming testing installation, operation, maintenance.” Since the flow of the development process is divided for each phase, it is easy to grasp an overview of the entire project. Project management is also considered easier because the work flows from upstream to downstream sequentially. However, since there is basically no going back, it has the disadvantage that the development efficiency drops if the process requires regression.
In the waterfall model, a review is conducted at the end of each phase so that a bug is not carried on to the next phase. If there is a bug discovered in a downstream phase (phase after programming), the cost required for system modification (cost for regression) is extremely high. Therefore, bugs must be discovered in an upstream phase (a design phase between basic planning and program design). a) This is one of the characteristics of the waterfall model, but this simply describes how the process
proceeds; it does not guarantee the consistency of system development.
b) This is one of the characteristics of the waterfall model, but it describes the classification of the contents of activities; this does not guarantee the consistency of system development.
c) A project team is organized for system development in general, not just in the waterfall model. d) The design phase of the waterfall model is stepwise refinement. Contents of the previous phase are
carried over to the next phase; this guarantees the consistency of system development.
Answer 3
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Q4. Which of the following is an appropriate statement concerning “prototyping,” a method of
software development?
a) Since activities proceed sequentially through basic planning, external design, internal design, program design, programming, and testing, it is possible to get a good overview of the entire project and it is easy to determine the schedule and allocate resources.
b) Since a trial model is created at an early stage of system development, it is possible to eliminate vagueness and differences of perception between the user department and the developing department.
c) The characteristics of the software are divided into those for which the specifications are fixed and do not require changing and those for which the specifications require changing. Then, the process of creating, reviewing, and changing the code according to those specifications is repeated.
d) A large application is divided into highly independent components; then processes of design, coding, and testing are repeated for them, gradually expanding the scope of development of the program.
Correct Answer:
b
Prototyping is a method in which a prototype (trial model) is made for the parts directly visible to the system user (screen, form, etc.) and systems are developed based on the feedback obtained from users who have tested the prototype. Hence, the statement b) is appropriate.
a) explains the waterfall model, and d) explains the spiral model.
Answer 4
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Q5. Which of the following is shown by an E-R diagram?
a) Relationships between entities
b) Relationships between entity types and their instances c) Relationships between data and processes
d) Relationships between processes
Correct Answer:
a
An E-R diagram shows the relationships between entities (actual objects), indicating an entity with a ( ) and corresponding relations between entities with arrows ( , , — ). The following is an example of an E-R diagram:
Client Order Order details Product
client code order number order number product code client name client code product code product name
order date quantity unit price
Example
Entity name : 1-to-1 attribute 1 : 1-to-many attribute 2 : many-to-many
⋮
An underlined attribute is a primary key attribute. An entity type is an entity having data subject to management. Normally, the entities are expressed with nouns such as “client” and “product.” “Instances” are entities with values.
Client
Entity Type Instance Instance Client code Client name Client address
1011 George Bush Crawford, Texas
1021 William Clinton Hope, Arkansas
Answer 5
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