POBLACION DE CERDOS EN LA PROVINCIA DE AREQUIPA

Security and defence policies are largely determined by the existing perceptions of the ruling elite. These perceptions will help determine the effectiveness and form of bilateral or multilateral relationships forged between countries or regions. By analysing New Zealand’s approach towards its security and defence policies and investigating what affects officials’ perceptions, a specific security-identity can be observed. Reviewing a selection of factors within the socio-milieu will help to determine New Zealand’s security identity in the Asia Pacific region and, subsequently, determine the depth and volume of the EU-NZ security relationship (see Figure 2.1). When New Zealand representatives participate in bilateral, multilateral or (sub) regional settings, the various identity formations will react with each other, through the process of socialisation, contributing towards possible increases in discourse volume.191 _{Not all socio-cultural or socio-political}

factors can be analysed; however, certain elements that are seen to be vital to the EU-NZ security dialogue are examined. These include: the influence of historical perceptions; New Zealand’s Asia Pacific connection; the impact of geography and size of New Zealand; its perceived threats; and capabilities. How New Zealand officials comprehend and prioritise their security environment, and define security, is also analysed in this section. These factors are analysed through the lens of the Labour government’s values and principles which provides the impetus and reveals the direction of New Zealand’s current foreign policy. New Zealand’s security-identity formation will be later analysed, compared and contrasted against an EU security-identity, resulting in a concise understanding of the EU-NZ security relationship.

Political rhetoric, echoed through certified documents, interviews and speeches, are used to explore the official position of New Zealand’s security and defence policies in the Asia Pacific region. It is recognised that political rhetoric may not match political reality:

191 _{See Figure 2.1. The factors that contribute to the security identity of New Zealand and the European}

Union, while not complete, have been chosen due to their socio-political tenants, accessibility of data and diverse characteristics.

values and norms can be compromised in order to achieve a particular agenda or to manoeuvre around diplomatic barriers. However, from a constructivist perspective, political rhetoric serves a purpose in illustrating intent and revealing the various facets that contribute to the formation of a security-identity. Furthermore, the content of political rhetoric remains useful as it is connected to and affects stereotypes and shapes perspectives.

Figure 5.1 illustrates the area of analysis that this section will focus on. In order to establish a clear understanding of ‘A’ (NZ-EU Security Dialogue in the Asia Pacific Region), area ‘B’ (New Zealand Security Culture in the Asia Pacific Region) will be analysed in this chapter.

Figure 5.1: Area of analysis: New Zealand’s security culture in the Asia Pacific region

Key

A: NZ-EU Security Dialogue in the Asia Pacific Region

B: New Zealand Security Culture in the Asia Pacific Region

C: EU Security Culture in the Asia Pacific Region

(i): Asia Pacific Region

(ii): EU-NZ security cooperation outside of the Asia Pacific region

5.1 Historical Perceptions

The alternation of forgetting and remembering etches the path of power.192

Matha Minow

New Zealand’s security and defence involvement in the Asia Pacific region has laid the social and political foundations upon which current New Zealand foreign policy is built. This section will determine what elements of the past – from the Second World War to the present – contribute to the outlook of current New Zealand foreign policy on the Asia Pacific region. In the last 62 years New Zealand has built strong social, cultural and economic networks in South East Asia and the Pacific. This, combined with past diplomatic and military endeavours, may prove valuable for the EU-NZ security dialogue. By providing appropriate socio-political information to EU officials, a culture- focused aspect of the dialogue can develop. Recognising the various aspects within the formation of New Zealand’s security-identity will enable a succinct comparative study to take place between the EU and New Zealand. A number of themes run through the last 60 years of New Zealand’s security relationship with Asia Pacific. These factors include collective security, effective multilateralism, an evolving independent foreign policy and a shared history, producing intimate diplomatic relations.

New Zealand’s defence planning was moulded around its unquenchable loyalty to Britain in the first half of the 19th _{century, as its primary security provider. However, during and}

after the Second World War New Zealand began to change its approach. This did not mean a departure from its defence relations with Britain but rather marked the start of a collective security approach: a search for appropriate allies that could ensure security. Although weapons continued to be procured from Britain, and English military traditions were maintained after the Second World War, New Zealand acquired a stronger security

192 _{Matha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass violence}

(Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 119. In Jan-Werner Müller, “Introduction: the power of memory, the memory of power and the power over memory,” in Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past, ed. Jan-Werner Müller (Cambridge; United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 30.

partnership with Australia – under the Canberra Pact – and with the US.193 _{A strong}

commitment to multilateralism through the UN, combined with British, Australian and US security cooperation, set the foundations of New Zealand’s foreign policy for the first three decades after the War. The 1970s marked a period of change for New Zealand foreign policy. British entry in to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 and New Zealand’s firm stance against nuclear weapons diminished the US and British security dialogue. This meant that closer defence and security alliances were forged with Australia and support for regional security mechanisms grew. Recent efforts involving New Zealand personnel in Cambodia in the early 1990s, the deployment of troops to the Solomon Islands under the auspices of RAMSI in 2003, and to Timor Leste in 1999, reflect a continuum of regional support and adherence to collective security in New Zealand foreign policy. This, and occasionally sounding an independent voice in the international arena – such as Labour’s stand against Nuclear weapons in the 1980s – continue as major themes in New Zealand foreign policy.