La acción del Consejo de Europa
2. La política audiovisual
The Government’s space expenditure in real terms is shown in the figure below for the period 1999/00 to 2013/14. Space funding has shifted focus from about a quarter for national programmes to about 10% in the latter years. Figure 12 UK Government space investment 1999/00 to 2013/14 (2012/13 prices, £m) Source: London Economics analysis of BNSC, UKSA, and EUMETSAT annual reports and ONS GDP data. 0.000% 0.005% 0.010% 0.015% 0.020% 0.025% 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 199 9/ 00 200 0/ 01 200 1/ 02 200 2/ 03 200 3/ 04 200 4/ 05 200 5/ 06 200 6/ 07 200 7/ 08 200 8/ 09 200 9/ 10 201 0/ 11 201 1/ 12 201 2/ 13 201 3/ 14 To ta l as % of GDP £m, 201 2/13 pr ic e s
National Eumetsat International Total as % of GDP
30
Government space investment has remained in the narrow band between 0.015% and 0.02% of GDP throughout the period, with only the peak in 2009/10 and the trough in 2012/13 outside of this interval.
The UK’s funding of ESA’s optional programmes allows UK companies to bid for involvement in ESA’s missions and UK companies exploit this option. The latest annual report from ESA (2013) shows the UK’s return coefficient of 0.99 meaning UK companies win contracts worth 99p for each £1 that is paid to ESA. The remaining penny is expected to come back to the individual companies through the knowledge gained in the process and potential for further commercialisation.
In December 201431, it was announced that UK funding of ESA would increase by more than £200 million over the coming years with UK firms set to benefit from the investment through strong involvement in ESA’s Mars mission; access to the ISS programme; and increased activity in telecommunications. UKspace estimate that UK companies will have access to markets worth an additional £1.5 billion following the investment increase.
UK companies have been very successful at winning contracts with the European Space Agency since it joined the organisation in 1978. Below are examples as presented on the UK Space Agency’s website:
Box 7 UK involvement in ESA programmes
BepiColombo
ESA mission to Mercury that will improve understanding of the inner planets of the Solar System. The mission is currently in development and expected to embark on its eight year journey to Mercury in July 2016. Much of the spacecraft will be built in the UK with Airbus Defence and Space UK appointed as the prime contractor. QinetiQ will supply the electric propulsion model and the SEA group will supply remote interface units for the electric and chemical propulsion units.
Euclid
Due to be launched in 2020, Euclid is a high‐precision survey mission to map the geometry of the Dark Universe. e2v are developing the CCD to be used for the survey and nine UK universities and research organisations are involved in the instrument development and data processing and analysis phases of the mission, namely Mullard Space Science Laboratory of the University College London; Durham University
Institute for Astronomy, Edinburgh; UK ATC (Astronomy Technology Centre); University of Oxford; University of
Portsmouth; University of Hertfordshire; Open University; University of Cambridge; and University College London. (continued overleaf) Credit: UK Space Agency Credit: ESA 31 Please see UK Space Agency: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk‐space‐industry‐set‐to‐rocket‐with‐over‐200‐million‐of‐new‐ investment‐for‐europes‐space‐programme
ExoMars
Two joint missions between ESA’s Aurora programme and Roscosmos, ExoMars will develop important science and technologies that will lay foundations for human exploration beyond low Earth orbit. A trace gas orbiter and entry descent and landing demonstrator module will be launched in 2016 and arrive on Mars in 2017. A rover will be launched in 2018 and land on Mars in 2019. Airbus Defence and Space is the lead builder of the rover and SCISYS UK support the development of on‐board software and autonomous operations. University College London’s
Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL); University of Aberystwyth; Birkbeck College and the University of Leicester will lead the development of the rover’s panoramic camera and University of Leicester, Bradford University and STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory will play key roles in the development of the CCD camera for the rover. The Open University is involved in the development of the trace gas orbiter.
Gaia
The Gaia spacecraft has been in development since 2007 and was launched in 2013 with the objective of studying the Milky Way in unprecedented 3D detail, mapping stars and their movements. Currently estimated at €80 million, Gaia is one of the most important current ESA project from a UK industry perspective. Airbus Defence and Space are responsible for the precision guidance and control system while e2v has made the camera with a resolution of nearly 1 billion pixels. SCISYS are responsible for the spacecraft’s operational simulator, Selex Systems UK provide
system support, Aero Stanrew provided a test bench for avionics and ABSL made the battery. In addition, six UK universities and research laboratories played key roles in database management, extraction and calibration.
Herschel
Named after the man who discovered Uranus from his home in Bath, Herschel is the largest ever infrared space observatory and the UK lead developments of one of its three instruments. The telescope was launched in 2009 and remained in service until 2013 developing the understanding of how stars are formed. The Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver was developed by a team lead by the University of Cardiff and involving multiple research centres and industry players such as STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Imperial College London; University College
London’s Mullard Space Science Laboratory; the UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburgh; AEA Technology, Analyticon, BOC Edwards, Datasat, MT Satellite Products and System International. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope is a joint mission between ESA, NASA, and the Canadian Space Agency, which is due for launch in 2018. The objective of the mission is to examine the physical and chemical properties of solar systems and study the first stars and galaxies. The STFC UK Astronomy Technology Centre is leading the Mid Infrared Instrument European Consortium of more than 20 institutes including the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Airbus Defence and Space, the University of Leicester and the University of Cardiff. University College London’s Mullard Space
Science Laboratory is supplying Near Infrared Spectographs on board calibration system and ground calibration equipment for the same instrument. A Staffordshire‐based company, Tekdata Interconnect Systems, is manufacturing a ‘cryogenic harness’ for the telescope. This crucial component will link all the JWST’s major systems.
Credit: ESA
Credit: ESA
Credit: ESA
Jupiter icy moon explorer (JUICE)
JUICE is designed to make detailed observations of Jupiter and three of its largest moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. All three moons may have liquid water under the crust, and JUICE will be on a mission to assess their habitability for life. The mission is due for launch in 2022 and will arrive at Jupiter in 2030 after which time it will spend 3.5 years in orbit around the planet and moons. Imperial College London have designed the magnetometer that was selected for the spacecraft amid competition from three other UK universities. UK companies will be involved in the mission, but have not yet been appointed.
LISA Pathfinder
Designed to test technologies that could be used for a future gravitational wave observatory mission, the LISA pathfinder is scheduled for launch in 2015 and is a joint mission between ESA and NASA. Airbus Defence and Space is the spacecraft’s main contractor with SCISYS UK developing the satellite’s on‐board software. University of Birmingham, University of Glasgow and Imperial College London are collaborating on the mission’s technology package. The mission is the first ESA science spacecraft to be led from the UK since Giotto was completed in 1992.
Planck
Between 2009 and 2013, the Planck mission helped scientist study the state of the Universe just after the time of the Big Bang. UK research institutes played key roles in the development of Planck, with the Jodrell Bank Observatory at The University of Manchester producing critical elements of the low frequency microwave (LFI) receiver modules and contributing to the LFI data processing activities. Cardiff University, STFC RAL and SEA were involved with hardware development for the high frequency microwave detector (HFI), while various UK research groups including Imperial College London and University of Cambridge form the London Planck Analysis Centre and Cambridge Planck Analysis Centre respectively. Solar Orbiter Due to be launched in 2017, ESA’s Solar Orbiter mission will travel closer to the sun than any previous mission. Airbus Defence and Space have been awarded a contract worth €300 million as prime contractor on the mission, and will lead a team of European and UK companies and research institutes. Four of the ten instruments on the orbiter have UK involvement with University College London, Imperial College London and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory playing key roles. Credit: ESA Credit: ESA Credit: ESA Credit: Airbus Defence and Space Source: UK Space Agency website The chart below shows public space investment as a proportion of UK space economy GVA over the period 2008/09 to 2012/13. In recent years, this share has been decreasing, as the growth of space economy GVA has been faster than the growth in space investment. However, it is not possible to infer any conclusions from this trend.
Figure 13 Space investment as share of space GVA 2008/09‐2012/13
Evaluation of the return on public investment in space requires detailed data that allows attribution of causal links between space investment and
gross‐value added of the space
economy. Such analysis would require a dedicated survey‐based approach that would ask respondents to identify the degree to which space investment has resulted in additional activity in the industry, driving GVA contribution. No such study has been undertaken for the UK space economy, but BIS, 2010, discusses the activity of evaluations in the first decade of the 21st century starting in 2001. All studies have concluded that it would be appropriate for the UK to develop infrastructure for the global space economy and sponsor pioneering services. The UK Space Agency as an overarching coordinator of investment within a rational and strategic structure is a consequence of these studies. Source: London Economics analysis of Size and Health data and further identified organisations (please see A2.2.1 for more details) 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% £0 £1,000 £2,000 £3,000 £4,000 £5,000 £6,000 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 M ill io n s
Space investment Space GVA Investment as share of GVA