3.3.1 A n over view of Tanzania economic policy.
Tanzania was grante d it s independence i n 196 1 and became a ful l Republi c in 1962. From the onset, the main task of the new government was to wage war against poverty, illiteracy an d disease . Developmen t policie s emphasize d o n modernizatio n o f th e economy with the aim of reducing reliance on foreign aid. Investments wer e directed at developing infrastructure , modernizatio n an d commercializatio n o f th e economy , expansion of the manufacturin g secto r fo r impor t substitution an d expansion of basic public service s suc h a s healt h an d educatio n (Ndul u J . B . 1993) . Alon g wit h these efforts, Arusha declaratiqn on socialism was pronounced in 1967, where all main means of production were take n an d run by the state . Al l productio n and service s were pu t under Parastatal organizations and in the rural areas the production activities were under village group s (Ujama a villages) and Cooperativ e societies. (Prim e Ministers' Office , 2004). Du e to externa l pressur e an d th e oi l crisis in the 1970s , trade liberatio n and globalization, the socialis t economic system collapsed. As a rescue measure , structura l reforms had to be carried out focusing on the development of Tanzania as spelled out in the development vision 2025 and millennium goals of 2015. According to the Tanzania National Trade Policy (2003), the main goal is to facilitate Tanzania's integration in the international trade system as efficiently as possible and to reflect the needs of Tanzania as a transitional economy working to become a free - marke t economy . It emphasize s the role of Government as implementer of trade policy and that of the private sector as the engine of growth as well as a partner in the formulation and implementation process.
3,3.2 Nationa l Policies and National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP)
National Policies of all Sectors both service and productive are focusing on the National Strategy fo r Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). Th e first progress repor t on Tanzania withou t Povert y (2002 ) indicate d that the numbe r o f household heade d b y female has increase d fro m 17 % to 25% in 2000 showing the importanc e o f gender in addressing povert y issues . Th e developmental policie s at macr o leve l ar e focusin g at providing a rapid equitable growth in the economy, by trying to prevent marginalization and encouraging solidarity and protection of already marginalized. (Haki kazi Catalyst 2005).
According to Haki kazi Catalyst (2002) the macroeconomic indicators are showing signs of improvement where good monetary and fiscal policies have resulted in a lower rate of inflation, a relatively stable exchang e rate and adequate level of international currency reserves. Favourable taxation systems have increased the performance o f the agricultural sector an d bankin g secto r ha s bee n regulate d an d i s embracin g micr o financ e a s a strategy to support small and medium enterprises.
Macroeconomic reform s suc h a s policy , budgetar y an d ta x reform s ar e necessar y components o f a balanced and integrated nationa l development strategy . Bu t according to United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1998), the implementation of these policies will have little impact on long-term sustainable development, reduction of poverty an d inequalit y unless accompanie d b y fundamenta l transformatio n o f unjus t economic and political structures both at national and global levels.
3.3.3 Gender-sensitiv e policy in Tanzania
In Tanzani a gende r i s considere d a developmenta l issue , an d th e existin g gende r imbalances an d inequalitie s i n the societ y prevent th e societ y fro m realisin g its ful l potential th e social , politica l an d economi c development . A s a policy , al l gender issues ar e now integrated i n planning and budgeting in order to attain gender equality and empowerment o f women in all socioeconomic and political aspects. Gende r issues are no w mainstreamed i n all national policies in accordance wit h Africa n Centr e for Women (Economi c Commission for Africa ) 199 8 recommendation . Severa l law s in favour of women rights have been passed thus allowing them to enjoy equal rights with men in access, ownership and control of means of production. According to Brohman, (1996), ignoring the gender policy implications may aggravate the plight of women who are disadvantage d i n term s o f income , assets , educatio n an d politica l participation . 'Gender-neutral' policies may further marginalis e women and compromise their socio- economic well-bein g and i n mos t case s onl y me n gain . Th e resolutio n o f Beijin g Platform fo r Action for the advancement o f Women 1995 , declared the promotion and implementation of the equitable and effective participation of women wherever possible in al l field s an d a t variou s level s o f politica l an d decisio n making . Accordin g t o http://www.tanzania.go.tz, th e cabine t decisio n No 2 3 o f 199 6 amon g othe r issue s endorsed th e implementatio n o f increase s i n the numbe r o f wome n i n al l decision making level s such as Boar d o f Directors, Heads o f Institutions, Commissioner s and national delegations. The other strateg y wa s gender mainstreamin g i n the civi l service and creation of a database on women and their qualifications for use by the appointing
authorities. In 2005 the number of women seats in the Union parliament rose to 30%. In government, key ministries are under women.
3.4.0 Conclusion on Literature Review
Poverty in most developin g countries affect s women ; children, the elderly , and people with disabilities. Women are known to have low social status and are restricted in their access to both education and income-generating activities . In the rural areas like Rombo, women carry heavier burdens because of customs and traditions. Women lack property rights and they also lack adequate knowledge on how to access existing credit facilities due to their low level of education. Th e role of women in agricultural production and food security can not be understated in most rural communities. It is important therefor e for th e governmen t leaders , developmen t partner s and loca l communitie s t o develo p good policies and strategies that will enable the realisation of better livelihoods for our people. Since women are the majority and the most affected b y poverty, there is need to change thi s phenomeno n b y designin g policie s and incom e generatin g project s tha t encourage women's participation at all stages of the development process .
CHAPTER FOUR