Potencia de las bombas del ORC

accounted for about 25 per cent of the jobs of the new migrants. The factory sector* was closely behind the service sector. It accounted for about 23 per cent of the jobs of the new migrants. The trading sector provided employment to about three per cent. There were six per cent who worked as crafts and trades persons. Two per cent worked in the agricultural sector. The other jobs like of porter, chipping firewood, laying railway tracks, hawking for or picking up scrap paper or used bottles, paramedic and one describing himself as "assistant to prostitutes" accounted for three per cent of the first jobs.

Method of paym ent in the first Jo b

The question on the method of payment was not applicable for 13 respondents (about 7 per cent) of the migrants as they were not working on a hire basis. They were in self- employment. Seven of them were vendors, two shop-keepers, one craftsman, one animal husbandry and two "other" occupations - one a scrap-buyer and the other a paramedic.

Figure 5.9 gives the distribution for those to whom this question was relevant. Roughly half were paid by the day - 43 per cent were employed as casual daily labourers and about 5 per cent were regular workers employed on a daily basis.

A monthly basis was almost equal in importance to casual daily employment. 41 per cent of the new migrants’ first jobs were paid on a monthly basis. Very few were employed on weekly or fortnightly payment basis. However, piece work was important - about 5 per cent of the migrants (mostly tailors) were paid on this basis. "Other methods"^ were reported by 3.5 per cent respondents.

The greater proportion of wage workers in pre-migration rural jobs were employed on daily basis (65 per cent) and smaller proportion on monthly basis (16 per cent) compared to urban jobs. This corroborates the description by the migrants that the post­ migration jobs in Delhi were more regular and secure than the rural wage jobs.

^ Such as work in lieu of training, stipend or basic expenditure, payment by number of pieces after subtracting the commission.

Dally, regular 5% Weekly 1%- Fortnightly 1%- Other 4% Piece work 5% Monthly 41% 119

Fig 5.9: Methods of payment In the first job Valid c ases used = 170; One missing c a s e excluded.

13 migrants were self-employed and h ence the question on m ethod of payment inapplicable to them.

18 16 14 12 10 A B C D E F G H I J K

Duration in the first job

(tXJRATION IN MONTHS) A: Up to 0.23; B: .24 to 0.90; C: 0.91 to 1.00; D: 1.01 to 3.00 E: 3.01 to 0.00; F: 0.01 to 12.00; Q: 12.01 to 30.00; H: 30.01 to 72.00; I; 72.01 to 100.00; J ; 100.01 to 100.00; K: 100.01 to 240.00.

R g 5 .1 0 :P ercen tag e distribution o f m igrants by the duration In first jo b (months)

Duration in first job

About 17 in 20 had left their first jobs before the present survey. Only 3 in 20 were still in their first jobs. The total duration in the first job was ascertained for all the migrants.

Table A-5.5 and Figure 5.10 give the results. For about 2 in 10 it was less than 1 month. For a quarter, it was less than 3 months. For about half, it was less than 12 months. Up to three quarters had less than 36 months in their first job. The average was 7.5 months (median).

R e a so n s for ending the first job

86 per cent of the respondents had left their first jobs before this survey. They were asked the main reason for ending the first job. Table 5.5 gives the details.

If individual factors are considered, low income was the single most important reason for leaving. It was mentioned by 23 per cent of the respondents. Strictly speaking, the grouping is not possible because of the multiplicity of answers and the sum in Table

5.5 does not add up to 100.

However, it is possible to make some generalisations. If the reasons are grouped into broad categories, laying o f f comes at the top with its mention by 29 per cent, followed

by adverse factors associated with the employment (27 per cent)®. The next important group is the positive factors like getting another job after acquiring new skills in the first job (25 per cent).^ Absenteeism^®, generally with the purpose of going to village due

Table 5.5

The main reasons for ending the first job in Delhi

Reason (Valid)

Percentage of respondents mentioning the reason

1 Have not stopped 0.0

2 Got promotion / régularisation 1.3

3 Low income 22.3

4 Paid off debt 0.0

5 Unpunctual payment / cheating 3.2

6 Insecure nature of job 1.9

7 Went to village / absenteeism 12.1

8 Poor working conditions 14.6

9 Illness / accident related to job 7.0 10 Quarrel / dispute with the employer 3.8

11 To take another job 15.3

12 Apprenticeship / training over 5.7 13 To join training / to learn work 1.9

14 To set up business 0.6

15 Quit for other reasons 5.7

16 Laid off, no work 18.5

17 Laid off, factory / shop closed 4.5

18 Laid off, other reasons 5.7

19 Job completed 0.0

20 To get married 0.0

21 Pregnant 0.0

22 Wanted to move to another area 0.0

23 Other reasons 1.9

(n = 157) * Sum does not add up to 100.

Codes 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10.

Code 2 and 11 to 14.

to a work responsibility there and also due to lack of provision for holidays from the job, was mentioned by 12 per cent. The other reasons - like a family feud or chaos (like the riot that followed the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s assassination in 1984) were mentioned by about 2 per cent of the respondents. An alternative scheme to the one described above is to group factors as follows: lay off (mentioned in at least one of the reasons 16 to 18); adverse factors (mentioned in at least one of the reasons 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10) and positive factors (mentioned in at least one of the reasons 2, 11 and 14). The result is 29 per cent, 27 per cent and 18 per cent respectively. This indicates that first jobs are usually the ones that end more as a result of adverse factors than positive ones.

From the above it can be concluded that in the beginning, the migrants tend to get jobs that are less remunerative, have poor working conditions and these jobs often end more as a result of negative conditions than positive ones. But it is equally likely that the jobs end with their gaining some skill and as a result being in a better position to get another job which is at least as good as, if not better than, the first.

5.5.2 S u b se q u e n t jobs

All the later jobs, mainly understood in the sense of different occupations after the first, were recorded. The distribution of those who took up their second job is given in Table A-5.6. The regrouping by sectors is shown in Figure 5.11.

service 30% C o n s tru c tio n 1 7 % O th e rs 1 2 % Facto ry 2 7 % A g ric u ltu re 2 % \ T rad in g 6 % C rafts & tra d e s 6 %