Potenciación de los servicios

The purpose of the FASTLANE-II intervention was designed to reduce sexual risk behaviors, meth use, and depressive symptoms among HIV-negative heterosexual men and women in San Diego, CA. Although this specific sample seems to have high social support, the present study highlights the importance of incorporating social support as a component in the FASTLANE-II intervention, or future interventions, in order to reduce depressive

symptoms among MA users in San Diego. Furthermore, the Perlin Social Support scale asses the availability of family members and friends who are perceived as caring, trustworthy, uplifting, and as confidants. This can be classified as informal social support. Future FASTLANE interventions should examine the difference between informal and formal social support (i.e. health professionals) to determine if the effects on depressive symptoms differ by type of social support that MA users obtain.

The strengths of this study are limited by the nature of the cross-sectional design. Future studies should longitudinally evaluate the effect of social support on depressive symptoms among MA-using individuals. Furthermore, future studies should incorporate qualitative data to determine what men and women find to be supportive and what recommendations they may have for future intervention program.

REFERENCES

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2014). Glossary of psychological terms. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx?tab=18 Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II, Beck depression inventory:

Manual. Boston, MA: Harcourt Brace.

Bonomi, A., Anderson, M., Rivara, F., & Thompson, R. (2007). Health outcomes in women with physical and sexual intimate partner violence exposure. Journal of Women’s Health, 16(7), 987-997.

Breiding, M., Black, M., & Ryan, G. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence in eighteen U.S. states/territories, 2005. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 34(2), 112-118.

Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359(9314), 1331-1336.

Campbell, J. C., & Lewandowski, L. A. (1997). Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children. The Psychiatric Clinics of North American, 20(2), 353-74.

Campbell, J. C., Kub, J., & Rose, L. (1996). Depression in battered women. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 51(3), 106-111.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2003). The cost of intimate partner violence against women in the united states. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ violenceprevention/pdf/ipvbook-a.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2007). CDC HIV/AIDS fact sheet methamphetamine use and risk for HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ hiv/resources/factsheets/pdf/meth.pdf

Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2012). Intimate partner violence: Consequences. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ intimatepartnerviolence/consequences.html

Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2013a). Burden of mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/basics/burden.htm

Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2013b). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/basics/mental-illness/depression.htm

Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2013c). Intimate partner violence: Risk and protective factors. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html

Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2014). Intimate partner violence: Definitions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/

intimatepartnerviolence/definitions.html

Chander, G., & McCaul, M. (2003). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in women with addictions. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 30(3), 469-481. Clements, C., & Sawhney, D. (2000). Coping with domestic violence: Control attributions,

dysphoria, and hopelessness. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 219-240.

Cohen, J., Dickow, A., Horner, K., Zweben, J., Balabis, J., Vandersloot, D., & Reiber, C. (2003). Abuse and violence history of men and women in treatment for

methamphetamine dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 12(5), 377-385. Cohen, J., Greenberg, R., Uri, J., Halpin, M., & Zweben, J. (2007). Women with

methamphetamine dependence: Research on etiology and treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39(Sup4), 347-351.

Coker, A., Smith, P., Thompson, M., McKeown, R., Bethea, L., & Davis, K. (2002). Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 11(5), 465-476.

Corrigan, J., Wolfe, M., Mysiw, J., Jackson, R., & Bogner, J. (2003). Early identification of mild traumatic brain injury in female victims of domestic violence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(5), 71-76.

County of San Diego, Methamphetamine Strike Force. (2013). Status of Methamphetamine in San Diego County. Retrieved from http://www.no2meth.org/docs/bufd11182013.pdf Dluzen, D. E., & Liu, B. (2008). Gender differences in methamphetamine use and responses:

A review. Gender Medicine, 5(1), 24-35.

Dobkin, C., & Nicosia, N. (2009). The war on drugs: Methamphetamine, public health, and crime. American Economic Review, 99(1), 324-349.

Dougé, N., Lehman, E., & McCall-Hosenfeld, J. (2014). Social support and employment status modify the effect of intimate partner violence on depression symptom severity in women: Results from the 2006 behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey. Women’s Health Issues, 24(4), e425-e434.

El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Witte, S., Wu, E., & Chang, M. (2011). Intimate partner violence and HIV among drug-involved women: Contexts linking these two epidemics – challenges and implications for prevention and treatment. Subst Use Misuse, 46(2-3), 295-306.

Follingstad, D., Brennan, A., Hause, E., Polek, & Rutledge, L. (1991). Factors moderating physical and psychological symptoms of battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 6(1), 81-95.

Gonzales, R., Mooney, L., & Rawson, R. (2010). The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health 31, 385-398.

Haber, M., Cohen, J., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1-2), 133-144.

Hendrickson, R., Cloutier, R., & McConnell, K. (2008). Methamphetamine-related

emergency department utilization and cost. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 23–31.

Hser, Y. I., Evans, E., & Huang, Y. C. (2005). Treatment outcomes among women and men methamphetamine abusers in California. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28(1), 77-85.

Hyde-Nolan, M., & Juliao, T. (2012). Theoretical basis for family violence. Retrieved from http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763780340/80340_CH02_FINAL.pdf

Illangasekare, S., Burke, J., Chander, G., & Gielen, A. (2013). The syndemic effect of intimate partner violence, HIV/AIDS, and substance on depression among low- income urban women. Journal of Urban Health, 90(5), 934-947.

Illangasekare, S., Burke, J., McDonnell, K., & Gielen, A. (2013). The impact of partner violence, substance use, and HIV on depressive symptoms among abused low-income urban women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(14), 2831-2840.

Johnson, M. P., & Leone, J. M. (2005). The differential effects of intimate terrorism and situational couple violence. Journal of Family Issues, 26(3), 322–349.

Levendosky, A., Lannert, B., & Yalch, M. (2012). The effects of intimate partner violence on women and child survivors: An attachment perspective. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 40(3), 397-434.

The Meth Strike Force. (2014). Methamphetamine Strike Force report card. Retrieved From http://kpbs.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/news/documents/2015/01/06/Final_2014_ Report_Card._11.14-2.pdf

McKetin, R., Lubman, D., Najman, J., Dawe, S., Butterworth, P., & Baker, A. (2014). Does methamphetamine use increase violent behavior? Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Society for the Study of Addiction, 109(5), 798-806.

Mitchell, R., & Hodson, C. (1983). Coping with domestic violence: Social support and psychological health among battered women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(6), 629-654.

National Alliance on Mental Illness [NAMI]. (2009). Women and depression fact sheet. Retreived from http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Women_and_Depre ssion&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=89194 National Alliance on Mental Illness [NAMI]. (2012). Depression. Retreived from

http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Depression&template=contentmanagem ent/contentdisplay.cfm&ContentID=67727

National Institute of Drug Abuse [NIDA]. (2000). Methamphetamine brain damage in mice more extensive than previously thought. Retrieved from http://www.ehd.org/

National Institute of Drug Abuse [NIDA]. (2012). Drug facts: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/methamphetamine

National Institute of Drug Abuse [NIDA]. (2014). Drug facts: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine

National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]. (2002). Annual total direct and indirect costs of serious mental illness (2002). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/ statistics/cost/index.shtml

National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]. (2012). Any mental illness among U.S. adults, prevalence. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any- mental-illness-ami-among-adults.shtml

National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]. (2014). Mental health information: Depression. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey [NISVS]. (2011). 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], Executive Office of the President. (2010). Methamphetamine trends in the United States. Retrieved from

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/Fact_Sheets/pseudoephedrine_fa ct_sheet_7-16-10_0.pdf

Panchanadeswaran, S., El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Wu, E., & Chang, M. (2008). An examination of the perceived social support levels of women in methadone

maintenance treatment programs who experience various forms of intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issue, 18(1), 35-43.

Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. Gerontologist, 30(5), 583–594. Pennell, S., Burke, C., & Mulmat, D. H. (2000). Criminal Justice Research Division

(CJRD).Violence against women in San Diego. Retreived from

http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_577_1757.pdf

Pico-Alfonso, M., Garcia-Linares, I., Celda-Navarro, N., Blasco-Ros, C., Echeburua, E., & Martinez, M. (2006). The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women’s health: Depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. Journal of Women’s Health, 15(5), 599-611. Plichta, S. (2004). Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Policy and

practice implications. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(11), 1296-1323.

Prosman, G. J, Jansen, S. J., Lo Fo Wong, S. H., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. (2011). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among migrant and native women attending general practice and the association between intimate partner violence and depression. Family Practice, 28(30), 267-271.

Riggs, D., Caulfiels, M., & Street, A. (2001). Risk for domestic violence: Factors associated with perpetration and victimization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(10), 1289- 1316.

Romans-Clarkson, S. E., Walton, V. A., Herbison, G. P., & Mullen, P. E. (1990). Pyschiatric morbididty among women in urban and rural New Zealand: Psycho-social correlates. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 156, 84-91.

Burke, C., & Howard, L. (2013). Methamphetamine use by adult and juvenile arrestees in 2012. San Diego, CA: Criminal Justice Research Division, SANDAG.

San Diego Domestic Violence Council. (2015). Stay informed: Domestic violence in San Diego. Retrieved from http://www.sddvc.org/index.php?option=com_content& view=article&id=61&Itemid=77

Semple, S. J., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2004). Determinants of condom use stage of change among heterosexually-identified methamphetamine users. AIDS and Behavior, 8(4), 391–400.

Semple, S. J., Strathdee, S. A., Zians, J., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). Family conflict and depression in HIV-Negative heterosexuals: The role of methamphetamine use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(2), 341-347.

Semple, S. J., Zians, J., Grant, I., Patterson, T. L. (2005). Impulsivity and methamphetamine use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29(2), 85–93.

Stockman, J. K., Hayashi, H., & Campbell, J. C. (2015). Intimate partner violence and its health impact of disproportionately affected populations, including minorities and impoverished groups. Journal of Women’s Health, 24(1), 62-79.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA]. (2012). Mental health, United States, 2012. (Series Report Pub id:SMA12-4681). Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.

Thompson, R., Bonomi, A., Anderson, M., Reid, R., Dimer, J., Carrell, D., & Rivara, F. (2006). Intimate partner violence prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 30(6), 447-457.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. (2010). World Drug Report 2010. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/documents/

wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf

United States Department of Justice. (2013). Intimate partner violence: Attributes of victimization, 1993-2011. Retrieved from

http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipvav9311.pdf

United States Department of Justice. (2014). Criminal victimization, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/

pub/pdf/cv13.pdf

United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA]. (2011a). Drug fact sheet: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ dea/druginfo/drug_data_sheets/Methamphetamine.pdf

United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA]. (2011b). Drug of abuse. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/multimedia-

library/publications/drug_of_abuse.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2013). Voluntary guidelines for methamphetamine laboratory cleanup. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ osweroe1/meth_lab_guidelines.pdf

Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W., Riehman, K., Karg, R., Browne, F., & Parry, C. (2008). Substance use and sexual risk within the context of gender inequality in South Africa. Subs Use Misuse, 43(8-9), 1186-1201.

Williams, P., Barclay, L., & Schmied, V. (2004). Defining social support in context: A necessary step in improving research, intervention, and practice. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 942-960.

Wong, J., & Mellor, D. (2014). Intimate partner violence and women’s health and wellbeing: Impacts, risk factors and response. Contemporary Nurse, 46(2), 170-179.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2008). The global burden of disease 2004 update. Retreived form http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/

GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf?ua=1

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2009). Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violenceprevention/interpersonal_ violence_and_illicit_drug_use.pdf

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2012). Depression, a global public health concern. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/ who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014). Depression. Retreived from http://www.who.int/ topics/depression/en/

Zweben, J., Cohen, J., Christain, D., Galloway, G., Salinardi, M., Parent, D., & Iguchi, M. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. The American Journal on Addictions, 13(2), 181-19.

APPENDIX