Presentación Carrera de Educación Diferencial

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involves the full thickness of the skin. The skin will begin to have a white, almost waxy appearance, and the extremity will have a numb sensation. The surface layers of the skin will be hard to the touch, but will still be soft and spongy beneath. The treatment of superficial frostbite begins with getting the person to a warmer environment. The affected area can be re-warmed with body heat, just as with frost burn, but the process takes longer.

Finally, deep frostbite (AKA: third degree) is the most serious. The skin is frozen all the way through the outer layer, and into the sub-dermal fatty and muscle layers. The skin may appear anywhere from the white & waxy stage to white/yellow, or even purplish in late stages. The extremity will feel completely solid on palpation and also be completely devoid of sensation.

The treatment of frostbite is very critical.

The first thing to remember is that you SHOULD NOT re-warm a frost bitten extremity if there is any chance of refreezing. This will only potentiate the damage that has already been caused, because the ice crystals that form inside the already damaged cells tend to be larger the second time around.

Re-warming for deep layer frostbite is different than the lesser types. Because of the completely frozen nature of the affected area, it needs to be re-warmed slowly. (I will insert my disclaimer here; that this should be done by professionally trained, medically qualified persons.) If the affected area is still frozen when discovered, AND you can reach definitive medical care (such as a hospital or emergency care center) within one hour or less, then LEAVE THE FROZEN PARTS FROZEN! If you are unable to reach medical care within one hour, then you will need to begin treatment. The affected area should be placed in a water bath at a temperature between 38-42°F. IT IS CRITICAL THAT THIS WATER BATH TEMPERATURE BE MAINTAINED.

The following is treatment for both superficial and deep frostbite.

• Pad the affected areas with LOOSE bandages, to prevent any further damage. (Frozen tissue is more susceptible to crush injury.)

• Do NOT massage the affected areas. (This will cause the ice crystals in the skin to further

Hot packs placed against the victim’s neck; can also be placed in armpits and groin.

37 damage the surrounding

tissue.)

• Do NOT rub snow on the affected area. (This will only make the person colder.)

• DO NOT rupture any blisters that form.

Once the area is thawed and blistering occurs, treatment becomes a waiting game.

Blisters that stay clear have a better chance of recovery, while blistered extremities that turn dark will nearly always be amputated, although this is not always a hard and fast rule.

Remember that frostbite is a serious injury, and the person will need professional medical care, and you should never delay the effort to reach a hospital.

Another cold weather emergency, hypothermia, is commonly referred to as ‘the killer of the unprepared.’

Typically a condition that follows a prolonged exposure to low temperatures, it can also be attributed to immersion in water below 60°F. Naturally, the colder the water, the shorter the amount of time it takes to become hypothermic.

The human bod y’ s normal temperature is 98.6°F.

When the core temperature drops below 95°F, the body starts to shut down. Respiratory e f f o r t s l o w s , d e c r e a s i n g oxygenated blood flow to the brain, which in turn can only lead to more bad things. The outward signs of this are things like impaired ability to think, act, or talk. In short, it appears as if the person may be having a

stroke. Once the internal body temperature reaches 86°F, the victim will become unconscious.

• Whenever possible, remove the victim from the cold environment. This is the best, first course of action, and should not be delayed.

• Remove any wet clothing, whether it is wet from water or perspiration.

• Redress the person in dry clothing, making sure it is not tight or constricting.

• Cover the victim with other insulating materials, such as blankets, additional coats, even vegetation, such as large pine boughs. (See image 1)

• Warm fluids with sugar in them, such as energy drinks, can help to make the victim feel warm.

• DO NOT give alcoholic beverages. These actually work to constrict the blood vessels, preventing blood flow through the body.

• Hot packs can be placed against the victim’s skin around the neck, and in the armpits and groin. (See image 2) These areas have lots of blood vessels, and the hot packs will warm the blood as it passes through these areas.

Remember to check the victim for other injuries, including frostbite, and treat appropriately. The victim will need definitive medical care as soon as possible.

W h a t e v e r y o u r preference, camping, hiking, backpacking, or hunting in cold weather is something entirely different than in warm weather, and requires that you carry more equipment to cover the possible contingencies that may occur.

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By Scott Wickham Jr.

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You may also find the clove hitch called a boatman's knot or peg knot. The clove hitch is simple enough to tie, and I'll get to the mechanics of it in a second, but its value is also held up as the beginning of many other knots. Yet another strong point of this versatile knot is that it can not only be tied at the working end of a piece of rope, it can be formed in the bight. For my main use, it is tied at the working end and either slipped over or tied right onto a peg in the ground. This will secure the corner of a tarp shelter, rain fly on a tent, or from the middle of a tarp to add tension to it and secure it to the ground peg. This light duty application is right up the clove hitches alley as, the tarp corner will have constant tension on it, won't be pulled around the peg, or be worked loose from pulls from different angles.

The breaking strength of a clove hitch is around 60-75% so this will be fine for our use here.

Some of the different knots derived from the clove hitch include, clove hitch with slip knot (wherein the last bit of working end is doubled over to act as a quick release tag), the rolling hitch (this is where a variable of the clove hitch is used for a lengthwise pull such as a log), and the constrictor knot (this is another close cousin that grips firmly and stays tied. In some instances, it may have to be cut off if a loop of cord wasn't tucked into the end to act as a quick release).

Ok, onto the tying of this very useful knot. Practice by tying it to a horizontal branch, a small branch now, your not mooring the Queen Mary. Over the top with the working end and under the branch. Now you will have the standing end in your left hand and the working end is hanging over the branch.

Grab that with your right hand and bring it up on the right side

Scott Wickham Jr. is an apprentice knifemaker at Blind Horse Knives. In addition to knifemaking he has been writing for ten years now and has had a love for the outdoors since a young age. Scott is also the co-founder of the Fort Pitt Land Rover Group and when he is not making knives or writing can be found in his Land Rover.

Above: Lay cord over your finger.

Below: Up and over.

Knots