4.3.1 DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACION
4.4. ANALISIS, INTERPRETACION Y DISCUSION DE LOS DATOS RECOGIDOS
4.4.2. PRESENTACION Y ANALISIS DE LOS DATOS
1. Smoking history is self reported which may be inaccurate as a lot of smokers tend to under report their use.
2. Inability to measure serum cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) levels which correlate better with smoking history.
3. Liver function tests were not done to determine serum albumin which if low leads to increased levels of Cd.
4. The study of only male smokers due to societal and religious norms, which significantly affect generalisation of the findings.
5. Inability to measure Urinary calcium which may affect the excretion of Cd.
6. Serum electrolyte Urea and creatinine were not done which would have further elucidated those with renal impairment.
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APPENDIX I
CONSENT FORM
I, Dr. Chidozie Adiukwu of the Department of Internal Medicine of the Jos University Hospital, am carrying out a research on “VENTILATORY FUNCTION AND URINARY CADMIUM AMONG MALE CIGARETTE SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS IN JOS”.
You are being requested to participate in this research. You have a choice
to participate or refrain from participating at any time and you will suffer no
prejudice if you so choose.
During the study you will be requested to answer some questions from a questionnaire and blow into a device; a spirometer. Your urine sample would also be collected.
No blood samples will be collected from you and you will not be asked to pay any money. All information collected from you will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
If you want to be a part of the study, please sign below.
Thank you.
I ………...…. having read and understood all the information given to me about my participation in this study, voluntarily agree to be a part of the research.
Signature/thump print of the subject………
Date ……….
Printed name of the subject
……….
Signature of the investigator ………
Date………..
Printed name of the Investigator
………
APPENDIX II PROFORMA
MODIFIED MRC QUESTIONAIRE OF RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS INITIALS……….. SERIAL NO………
DATE OF INTERVIEW………
AGE AT LAST BIRTHDAY……….
OCCUPATION………..
INDUSTRY………
PREAMBLE Cough
I am going to ask you some questions about your chest I would like you to answer YES or NO
a) Do you cough? Yes……….. No……….
b) If yes specify what time of the day:
i. Morning Yes………. No………….
ii. Afternoon Yes……….. No………..…
iii. Night when lying down Yes……….. No……..……
iv. After closing from work Yes……….. No……..……
v. All the time Yes………..……. No…………
c) When did the cough start?
i. Weeks Yes……….. No………
ii. Months Yes……….. No………
iii. Years Yes……….. No………
iv. Can you be specific………
2) Sputum
YESNO
a) Do you usually bring up sputum [ ] [ ]
b) Do you usually bring up sputum during the
i) Day [ ] [ ]
ii) Night [ ] [ ]
iii) All the time [ ] [ ]
3) a) During the past three years have you had any chest illness which has kept you from your usual activities as much as a week?
Yes………. No………..
If Yes,
b) Did you bring more sputum than usual in any of this illness?
Yes………. No………..
c) Have you had more than one illness like this in the past?
Yes………. No………..
4) Breathlessness
Are you disabled from walking by any conditions other than heart or lung disease, if yes omit question 4.
a) Are you troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill?
Yes………. No………..
b) If yes, do you get short of breath walking with other people of your age on level ground?
Yes………. No………..
c) If yes do you have to stop for breath when walking at your own pace on level ground?
Yes………. No………..
5. Wheezing
a) Does your chest ever sound wheezing or whistling?
b) If Yes
Specify the time of the day:
Morning Yes……… No…………
Afternoon Yes…………. No………...
Night Yes…………. No………..
c) Have you ever had attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing?
Yes…...…… No…………
d) If yes, Is/Was your breathing absolutely normal between attacks?
Yes……… No…………
6. Past illnesses
Have you ever had?:
a) An injury or operation affecting your chest
Yes ……… No…………
b) Heart trouble Yes……… No………..
c) Bronchitis (Question No 3) Yes……… No………..
d) Pneumonia Yes……… No………..
e) Pleurisy Yes……… No………..
f) Pulmonary tuberculosis Yes……… No………..
g) Bronchial asthma Yes……… No………..
h) Other chest trouble Yes……… No………..
7. Do you sneeze and have Running nose?
Yes……… No………..
8. Do you have chest tightness? Yes……… No………..
9. Do you have any history of allergy?
Yes……… No………..
10. Tobacco Smoking
11. Do you smoke? Yes……… No………..
12. Do you inhale the smoke? Yes……… No………..
If Yes, would you say you inhaled the smoke
Slightly Yes……… No………..
Moderately Yes……… No………..
Deeply Yes……… No………..
13. How old were you when you started smoking?...
14. Did you smoke Manufactured cigarettes?
Yes……… No………..
What brands do you smoke? Specify………
If yes, how many sticks do you usually smoke per day?...
15. Have you been cutting down your smoking over the past years?
Yes……… No………..
16. For how long have you been smoking? Specify……….
17. Measurements
Ambient temperature (deg
oC) ……….
Standing height (cm) ………..……….
Weight (Kg) ……….
Time of the day……….
PEF (Litres/minute) 1………..……
2………..……
3………
18. Spirometer
Instrument No………
FVC (litres) 1………..
2………
3………
FEV
1(litres) 1………..…………
2………..…………
3………….……….
19. Inductively coupled Plasma Optical spectrometry
Instrument No...
Urinary Cadmium level (µg/L)...
Urinary Creatinine level (µg/L)...
APPENDIX III
ETHICAL APPROVAL
APPENDIX IV
PICTURE OF SPIROMETER
APPENDIX V
PICTURE OF ICP-OES EQUIPMENT