Presupuesto para implementación de PMO

This thesis commenced with one central research questions, which was: How does the way the female hero is represented within the male genres of film influence to what extent the female spectator is able to identify with her?

The male genres of film have been defined in the introduction as the genres that have been dominated by men in the past, like action films, science fiction films, westerns, war movies, martial arts films and revenge films. Women have been taking over more within these films, but one may wonder whether or not with this they truly transgressed from their previous position as a spectacle within film, as something to be looked at by their male counterparts and the male spectator. When it comes to the female superhero, we unfortunately have to conclude that she did not break away from being a spectacle for the male viewer. This finds its roots in the comic books from which she (and the male superheroes) derives and although they are often somewhat toned down from their comic book equivalent, the female superhero is still very sexualised, which is especially clear when you place them next to the male superheroes who are well covered up. The tight, revealing outfits of the female superhero leave little to the imagination and therefore form a barrier to becoming a character that the female spectator can identify with. The image they represent is unattainable for the female spectator and no matter how inspiring the female superhero may be in other respects, this emphasis on their looks leaves them in a position of confirming their negative gender role stereotypes rather than defying them. They are also usually not the actor within the narrative, but are led by men when deciding a course of action as otherwise they run more of a risk of getting hurt or killed (Haskell 409). These elements lead to there being more of a distance between the female spectator and the female superhero. This distance triggers a more voyeuristic look, rather than a narcissistic one as the female viewer will have trouble finding the likeness between her and the character on screen (Mulvey 9 & 18). The female superhero remains a spectacle due to her sexualised looks and this often leads to any identification with her by the female spectator being more superficial, like with heteropathic identification as described by Kaja Silverman in her book The Threshold of the Visible World (1996) (90). The spectator understands the actions by the female superhero, but due to her looks and (special) abilities, the spectator is never quite able to place herself in the hero’s shoes.

With female anti-heroes this is different. With them the emphasis is not on their looks and they also do not set out to be heroes. Their actions come forth from a desire to protect themselves and their loved ones, which is something almost anyone can identify with and admire. They thrive on a balance between masculinity and femininity in their character and this is also why for a male viewer they are interesting as characters and not just as spectacles like the female superhero. The female anti-hero, as opposed to her

superhero counterpart, does function as the actor within the narrative. What she does and what happens to her is decisive for how the story progresses, which is also why she is the main focaliser. The story is experienced from her perspective, as we saw with the case studies from chapter three. Because of this and due to the anti-hero’s actions coming forth from a place that is more recognisable (Silverman 25), the style of identification with these characters is different from the identification style with the female superhero. Here, idiopathic identification is more relevant as the course of action by the anti-hero is more relatable: Katniss wants to protect her sister, Tris tries to save her parents and seeks revenge after their deaths and Jessica finds her strength again after being in an abusive relationship. Although they all turn into (reluctant) heroes, they come from a place that is relatable for the female spectator.

What is also interesting, especially with the female anti-hero, but partially also with the female superhero, is that they all embrace the positive aspects of the female stereotype (i.e. warmth, nurturing, et cetera). Black Widow uses it to her advantage to get what she wants, but you also see with Katniss and Tris that when they embrace their positive feminine trades, they actually become stronger. Femininity is not really seen as weakness, but more as strength amongst female heroes. So, although the female superheroes are still confirming the negative stereotypical trades in film that women have received over time by sexualising their looks, these characters and the female anti- heroes actually also confirm the positive stereotypical trades of women in film, but in a way that does not make them appear weak. They, for the most part, do not require men to keep them safe or need to necessarily find love, but they can still care for others and show emotion. The modern day female hero within the male genres of film shows that women can be tough and fight like men, but they can also have a family, loved ones and friends without appearing weak and requiring someone to protect them.

What I want to conclude with here is that when it comes to the ability of the female spectator to identify with the female hero, it appears to be most important that the hero looks like a regular person and acts in a way that is recognisable and relatable. When you look around on the street, you generally do not see women running around in skimpy outfits whilst they use their super powers to save the world (except for maybe when you are at Comic Con). However, a female hero that dresses like most of us women would and who acts from a desire to save themselves and their loved ones above anything else, is someone who is easier to understand. This makes them, consequently, easier to identify with and therefore, to me, it seems that the more the female hero becomes like everyone else, the more the female spectator will identify with her, even if she does live in a dystopian future.