Procedimiento en la aplicación de instrumentos

The following section will discuss dental pathology for each sample separately. See Appendix G for more detailed charts.

5.8.4.1 Huaca Gallinazo (Virú Period)

Of the individuals with teeth that had erupted (HG1, HG2, HG3 and HG6), one was an infant (HG2) and had no caries. The only adult (HG1, a young adult female) had a caries rate of 69%, with the majority being occlusal surface caries (43%), followed by interproximal caries (30%) and then smooth surface caries (24%). The majority of the caries occurred on posterior teeth (88% of total teeth affected).

HG6 (a child) had a similarly high rate at 65%, the majority being occlusal surface caries (53%) and the majority being on the anterior teeth (72% of total teeth affected) (as well as the maxillary molars at 27% of total teeth affected). In contrast, HG3 (a child) had a lower rate at 20%, the majority being interproximal caries (67%) and all on the

maxillary incisors.

Overall, the majority of the caries in this sample were occlusal surface caries

(42%), followed by interproximal (32%) and then smooth surface caries (23%)42. There

were only a small number of large surface caries (3%). The majority of the caries were present on maxillary teeth (63% of all affected teeth) and there was no obvious preference for posterior (56% of affected teeth) versus anterior teeth (44%). However, when

comparing the adult individual in this sample (HG1) to the subadults (HG3 and HG6), a pattern emerges whereby the majority of teeth affected are anterior teeth, as opposed to posterior teeth for HG1.

The only individual from this context exhibiting teeth with calculus is a child (HG6) at 5% (slight) frequency of teeth affected. This may be partially explained by the younger ages for the individuals in this sample (three infants and two children). The only adult in this sample did not have any teeth with calculus.

42 _{The percentage of smooth surface caries in this sample (23%) is higher than in}

the other samples (17% for Huaca Santa Clara (VP), and 3% for Huaca Santa Clara (TP)), this is particularly due to the high frequency of smooth surface caries on the dentition on HG1. These caries, however, were not indicative of coca-leaf chewing based on criteria from Indriati and Buikstra (2001).

One of the subadults (the eldest) from this context (HG6) had a periapical abscess

(rm1_{). The only adult in this sample (HG1, a young adult female) also had one abscess}

(LP2_{) and four teeth lost antemortem (LM2, RM1, RM2, RM3), which is quite a lot (the}

most teeth lost antemortem among all individuals from all contexts) considering the younger age of this individual. This individual also had alveolar resorption with 56% of alveoli affected (slight to severe). The degree of attrition, however, was mostly moderate (77% of teeth). It is likely that this individual lost her teeth antemortem due to periodontal disease given the severe alveolar resorption, leading to the exposure of the root in some places.

5.8.4.2 Huaca Santa Clara (Virú Period)

All four individuals (HSC8, HSC9, HSC13 and HSC14) for whom the dentition could be examined had evidence of caries. HSC8 had a caries rate of 28%, the majority being occlusal surface caries (73%) and affecting the mandibular posterior teeth most of all (63%). HSC9 had a caries rate of 33%, with 67% of affected teeth being posterior teeth and with no evident majority in terms of the affected surface. HSC13 had a caries rate of 18% with no evident majority in terms of the affected surface and all affected teeth being the posterior dentition (mainly mandibular at 80%). Finally, HSC14 had a caries rate of 13%, the majority being occlusal surface caries (80%) and all being maxillary molars. Overall, the majority of the caries were occlusal surface caries (53%), followed by smooth surface caries (17%), then interproximal caries (14%), large caries (11%) and root surface caries (6%). The posterior teeth were affected most of all (76% of all affected teeth), particularly the mandibular posterior teeth.

HSC13, based on the criteria of Indriati and Buikstra (2001), was found to be the only individual in all of the samples who could be categorized as a coca-leaf chewer (although it is possible that the other individuals also chewed coca-leaf but perhaps not as often, or, given that the majority of the sample was younger than HSC13, the signs may not have appeared yet in their dentition). HSC13 had large and wide cervical-root caries on molars and premolars with severe root exposure, buccal pit caries, and the antemortem loss of molars, all of which are indicators of coca-leaf chewing following Indriati and Buikstra (2001).

All individuals from this context had teeth with calculus. HSC8 and HSC14 (a young adult male and middle adult male, respectively) had particularly high frequencies at 93% (slight to moderate) and 67% (slight to heavy), respectively. HSC9 and HSC13 (young adult female and middle adult female, respectively) had lower frequencies at 13% (slight to moderate) and 18% (slight) respectively. This may indicate differences in diet or oral hygiene between males and females.

Three of the four adult individuals from this context (HSC8, HSC9 and HSC13)

had periapical abscesses (at RI2 for HSC8, LM1 for HSC9 and RM1 and LM1 for HSC13).

HSC9 and HSC13 additionally had teeth lost antemortem (RM2 for HSC9 and RM1 _for

HSC13). HSC8, HSC9 and HSC13 had evidence of alveolar resorption with 100% of alveoli affected (slight to moderate for HSC8, 19% (slight to moderate) for HSC9, 100%

(slight to severe) for HSC13). HSC14 also had teeth lost antemortem (RI1, LP1 and LC1)

and evidence of alveolar resorption with 75% of alveoli affected (slight to moderate). Of the young adults in this sample, HSC8 (a male) had the greatest degree of attrition (79% of teeth with moderate attrition), whereas HSC9 (a female) had a lesser degree of attrition (77% of teeth with slight attrition, and 23% with moderate). Of the middle adults, HSC13 (a female) had a more significant degree of attrition (ranging from slight to severe), whereas HSC14 (a male) ranged from slight to moderate attrition (though still a significant amount of attrition with 83% of teeth having a moderate degree of attrition).

5.8.4.3 Huaca Santa Clara (Tomaval Period)

All six children (HSC3, HSC4, HSC5, HSC6, HSC10 and HSC11) from this context had evidence of caries. HSC3 had a caries rate of 50%, the majority being occlusal surface caries (71%) and occurring mainly on the molars, but also on the maxillary incisors. HSC4 had a caries rate of 25%, all occurring on the posterior maxillary dentition and the majority being occlusal surface caries (83%). HSC5 had a caries rate of 35%, the majority of the caries being occlusal surface caries (89%) and occurring mostly on the molars. HSC6 had a caries rate of 17%, all of which were occlusal surface caries and all occurring on the posterior dentition. HSC10 had a caries rate of 6%, with large and interproximal caries occurring on a maxillary molar. Finally, HSC11 had a caries rate of 13%, all of which were occlusal surface caries and occurring

on the molars. Overall, the majority of the caries were occlusal surface caries occurring on the molars.

All but one individual (HSC3) in this context had teeth with calculus. The other individuals had 25% (slight to moderate), 47% (slight to heavy), 17% (slight), 56% (slight) and 25% (slight) of their teeth with calculus present (HSC4, HSC5, HSC6, HSC10 and HSC11, respectively).

Only one of the subadult individuals out of six from this context (HSC3) had a

periapical abscess (lm1). No individuals from this context had any teeth lost antemortem;

however, some of these individuals (HSC3, HSC5 and HSC11) did have alveolar resorption at 45% (slight), 67% (slight to moderate) and 21% (slight) of alveoli, respectively.

For the majority of the children in the sample (HSC4, HSC5, HSC6 and HSC11), the degree of attrition was mostly slight, as expected given their ages. HSC3, however, had a much greater frequency of teeth with a moderate degree of attrition (58%) and HSC10 also had a greater frequency of teeth with moderate attrition (24%) and also teeth with severe attrition (12%).