Table 9 presents Spearman correlation matrices between different indicators for the three selected years. Notable among these results is the low (negative) correlation between DO and DTC, regardless of its type (γ =1, γ =0.5, γ =0.2), which shows their independence from each other.
In addition, Table 9 shows that the correlations between DO and DI are also high, indicating that the degree of openness is quite relevant in explaining the degree of integration distribution. The correlation between DO and (X +M)/GDP is also high, as we might expect. Correlation between DO and (X −M)/GDP, or
) )/(
(X −M X +M is also high, yet far less important than in the case mentioned above.
Table 6. Degree of integration (globalization degree) (DGI) (%), 1967-2004
DGI (γ = 1) DGI (γ = 0.5) DGI (γ = 0.2)
1967 20.26 23.06 24.40 1968 20.98 23.81 25.18 1969 21.28 24.18 25.62 1970 22.30 25.04 26.37 1971 22.17 25.04 26.49 1972 22.67 25.49 26.97 1973 24.56 27.34 28.81 1974 27.07 30.19 31.87 1975 25.96 29.17 30.83 1976 26.47 29.65 31.26 1977 26.52 29.71 31.36 1978 26.94 29.91 31.46 1979 28.32 31.38 32.98 1980 29.45 32.48 34.00 1981 29.18 32.29 33.88 1982 28.76 31.71 33.19 1983 28.30 31.28 32.80 1984 29.39 32.46 34.04 1985 29.07 32.18 33.79 1986 28.20 31.08 32.64 1987 28.80 31.58 33.11 1988 29.35 32.03 33.52 1989 29.97 32.67 34.17 1990 30.43 33.13 34.67 1991 30.13 32.73 34.18 1992 30.09 32.79 34.36 1993 29.48 32.39 34.17 1994 30.32 33.36 35.27 1995 31.39 34.48 36.47 1996 31.78 35.01 37.06 1997 32.55 36.01 38.12 1998 32.43 35.86 37.86 1999 32.47 35.83 37.77 2000 33.88 37.38 39.37 2001 33.28 36.85 38.86 2002 33.14 36.79 38.88 2003 33.37 37.11 39.33 2004 34.52 38.48 40.87
Figure 7. Degree of integration (DI), 1967-2004
1970 1980 1990 2000
102030405060
Year
%
Unweighted mean Median Weighted mean
1970 1980 1990 2000
102030405060
Year
%
Unweighted mean Median Weighted mean
1970 1980 1990 2000
102030405060
Year
%
Unweighted mean Median Weighted mean
1967 1985 2004
020406080100
%
1967 1985 2004
020406080100
%
1967 1985 2004
020406080100
%
Table 7. Degree of integration for individual countries (DI), and its decomposition into degree of openness (DO) and degree of total connection (DTC)a (%), 1967-2004
/ ( 1)
i i
DTC DI γ = DTC DIi/ i(γ =0.5) DTC DIi / i(γ =0.2)
1967 1985 2004 1967 1985 2004 1967 1985 2004 Albania NA 131.75 117.34 NA 165.73 147.34 NA 182.07 174.89 Algeria 101.56 132.37 116.88 121.30 136.84 120.31 136.97 140.63 122.32 Argentina 178.17 170.57 126.21 192.40 179.42 140.65 197.53 181.58 145.29 Australia 156.31 152.97 147.68 167.75 167.57 159.06 171.64 171.51 163.17 Austria 125.94 108.26 105.48 142.08 124.42 115.74 151.71 134.73 123.31 BLEU 105.79 90.28 87.64 115.38 100.55 95.07 122.68 107.58 100.24 Brazil 198.55 175.15 154.41 197.63 174.58 156.28 196.61 173.58 156.79 Brunei Darussalam 28.72 79.88 86.77 77.94 97.68 96.60 100.98 106.00 102.24 Bulgaria 172.19 182.43 100.56 208.41 213.27 112.66 225.29 228.62 120.64 Canada 155.50 140.33 127.80 155.48 140.80 128.52 155.02 141.31 129.89 Chile 154.51 141.92 127.02 162.73 144.77 130.14 165.84 144.92 130.67 China, People's Rep. 176.96 181.15 122.26 249.27 192.04 125.51 270.13 194.82 126.73 Colombia 185.66 179.87 151.71 185.71 179.98 153.45 184.71 179.59 154.82 Czechoslovakia (former) 159.62 136.72 84.56 189.64 166.08 95.71 202.20 182.58 104.76 Denmark 121.71 120.46 114.77 134.59 129.21 125.41 142.46 134.75 131.50 Ecuador 158.70 148.54 140.07 160.69 149.95 141.70 160.92 150.96 142.68 Egypt 141.52 131.07 166.96 162.25 158.16 178.91 171.67 170.23 184.71 Finland 130.64 112.06 112.50 143.35 127.51 122.68 150.48 135.84 128.48 France 147.99 132.00 127.81 162.96 141.64 136.51 172.26 148.05 142.42 Gabon 97.56 107.87 123.98 111.78 111.90 125.31 123.35 114.39 126.09 Germany 133.06 118.38 115.97 141.36 125.15 121.60 146.43 129.69 125.58 Greece 183.70 149.01 163.36 188.92 161.52 177.13 193.45 170.62 186.71 Hong Kong 123.70 120.16 156.39 123.72 120.78 163.56 123.28 120.68 167.02 Hungary 128.58 127.58 89.75 156.59 142.78 100.94 170.09 152.74 109.51 Iceland 138.76 125.42 117.03 143.18 126.58 125.95 146.53 127.56 131.74 India 228.32 219.52 175.40 238.30 223.50 177.24 241.08 223.79 178.00 Indonesia 131.85 132.52 127.53 147.76 141.45 132.55 155.37 145.19 134.73 Ireland 105.30 95.48 107.49 120.93 106.64 109.60 134.23 113.54 111.25 Israel 156.90 143.20 130.17 158.86 143.07 131.05 160.10 142.62 131.21 Italy 154.90 139.09 131.37 162.18 145.14 137.82 167.40 149.70 142.51 Japan 189.43 165.15 158.24 189.53 165.50 161.39 188.57 165.11 163.33 Malaysia 118.69 107.84 90.49 125.71 116.94 93.57 128.21 119.66 95.21 Mexico 217.60 160.08 132.39 217.86 160.63 133.22 217.68 160.97 134.85 Morocco 123.68 114.11 114.12 144.29 135.72 131.50 156.89 146.41 142.99 Netherlands 107.74 88.36 95.82 122.27 100.51 106.05 131.25 108.70 112.94 New Zealand 128.06 135.67 137.57 140.34 143.69 145.94 148.10 146.00 149.29 Nigeria 128.58 114.69 119.73 144.18 116.26 121.24 153.08 117.87 121.68 Norway 128.84 102.91 112.66 141.25 117.43 121.91 148.69 126.09 126.99 Pakistan 188.47 187.01 163.73 195.97 194.80 164.18 198.36 196.08 164.09 Peru 169.78 156.55 150.76 170.60 156.56 151.79 169.98 155.67 151.92
Table 7. Degree of integration for individual countries (DI), and its decomposition into degree of openness (DO) and degree of total connection (DTC)a (%), 1967-2004
/ ( 1)
i i
DTC DI γ = DTC DIi/ i(γ =0.5) DTC DIi / i(γ =0.2)
1967 1985 2004 1967 1985 2004 1967 1985 2004 Philippines 165.88 155.15 109.20 170.60 155.98 113.63 173.46 155.78 115.93 Poland 183.62 158.12 102.76 196.94 179.36 116.03 204.04 191.81 126.02 Portugal 155.27 125.10 119.35 165.50 133.60 131.58 171.52 140.04 140.62 Romania 163.16 172.97 104.18 192.01 177.45 117.28 207.71 180.77 126.20 Singapore 87.66 100.67 89.91 111.69 104.49 96.63 121.37 105.65 99.62 South Korea 192.39 138.77 120.46 195.32 139.04 125.33 196.83 138.80 127.69 Southafrican Union 160.82 147.97 138.76 170.74 153.13 143.86 174.72 154.73 145.42 Spain 206.24 148.58 124.38 209.98 156.52 137.93 212.43 161.70 146.20 Sweden 131.28 122.03 117.96 142.72 127.97 122.52 149.31 132.02 125.46 Switzerland 135.25 122.01 118.60 140.25 129.78 124.62 143.25 134.35 128.18 Taiwan 154.30 119.78 105.22 154.26 119.89 111.09 153.85 119.66 114.25 Thailand 155.96 155.52 110.23 171.29 158.17 111.96 177.16 158.60 112.75 Tunisia 129.88 108.07 96.67 151.42 132.64 112.37 165.41 145.60 124.62 Turkey 225.13 160.24 137.07 226.61 171.94 144.13 228.00 180.59 149.59 United Kingdom 161.40 134.61 147.30 164.53 138.15 150.31 165.77 140.98 152.66 United States 181.51 172.06 161.68 196.42 184.59 176.05 201.65 188.77 181.98 USSR (former) 219.72 155.27 93.68 257.88 183.67 114.18 272.15 198.06 126.13 Venezuela 161.96 150.29 183.01 161.98 150.52 186.48 161.92 150.49 188.84 Yugoslavia (former) 144.72 104.64 99.59 158.73 121.41 115.11 166.82 132.66 127.46 Mean 151.72 137.46 123.94 164.72 146.87 131.64 171.18 151.75 136.49 Standard deviation 36.38 27.92 24.08 35.23 27.90 22.96 34.80 28.43 22.83 Coefficient variation 23.98 20.31 19.43 21.39 19.00 17.43 20.33 18.73 16.73
a Expresión DTC DIi/ i is derived from the decomposition 1 i i
i i
DO DTC DI DI
=
The degree of connection (DTC) presents low correlations with the degree of integration, and is negative with (X +M)/GDP. In turn, its correlations both with the trade balance and the comparative advantage are positive and higher.
The degree of integration shows similar relatively high correlations with GDP
The featured indicators can be compared with each other, and with other traditional indicators of economy internationalization, such as the traditionally defined
Figure 8. Evolution of DO DIi/ i vs. DTC DIi/ i (means), 1967-2004
degree of openness (i.e., (X +M)/GDP), trade balance ((X −M)/GDP), and the comparative advantage index ((X −M)/(X +M)), to analyze their similarities and the ability of our indicators to contribute new yardsticks to interpret the evolution of integration.
More detailed information is reported in Table 10, which provides the distribution of DTC conditional on the distribution of DO. Specifically, we estimate conditional probability matrices for each value of γ .
This type of matrix involves dividing the space of indicators into different classes. The matrices track changes in the distribution of one indicator (say, DTC) as the other (say, DO) moves from one class to other. The class limits, or grid, are chosen in accordance with a certain criterion. We consider five classes each encompassing 20%
of the values of an indicator, arranged in increasing order, i.e., class 1 covers lowest, and class 5 covers highest openness. The conditioned probability then uses an
1970 1980 1990 2000
0.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
Year
%
DO_DI_g1 DTC_DI_g1 DO_DI_g05
DTC_DI_g05 DO_DI_g02 DTC_DI_g02
Table 8. Degree of integration with respect to the degree of global integration (DI/DGI) and its decompositiona, 2004
DIi/DGI DTCi/DGTC (γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) DOi/DGO
(γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2)
Albania 29.34 41.50 55.07 35.29 21.59 43.33 76.74
Algeria 160.14 152.23 148.18 194.09 116.92 106.00 101.02 Argentina 95.06 105.92 106.43 98.82 80.93 100.79 102.36 Australia 83.53 86.93 86.15 63.42 97.37 105.80 104.52 Austria 113.45 122.53 130.98 168.82 67.47 78.96 90.75
BLEU 182.44 192.56 201.63 393.26 74.90 83.71 92.32
Brazil 107.27 98.58 93.44 74.50 136.70 115.81 104.67
Brunei Darussalam 183.98 204.57 215.75 404.57 74.04 91.83 102.75 Bulgaria 112.59 126.79 136.91 184.37 60.85 77.41 90.80 Canada 156.69 142.14 136.72 158.84 136.78 112.93 105.10 Chile 151.78 142.94 135.70 155.77 130.89 116.45 105.57 China, People's Rep. 157.59 148.99 143.05 174.56 125.89 112.90 104.68 Colombia 109.85 100.81 96.64 79.02 135.12 114.18 105.54 Czechoslovakia (former) 132.06 151.79 171.23 305.80 50.47 66.89 85.62 Denmark 108.48 116.21 120.30 136.36 76.37 87.92 94.78 Ecuador 130.37 119.68 114.28 110.02 136.72 115.59 106.01
Egypt 61.19 63.03 63.27 36.34 91.16 97.04 98.35
Finland 115.00 122.68 126.70 150.44 77.80 88.81 95.29
France 97.35 99.64 102.12 98.68 85.00 89.32 94.37
Gabon 167.51 153.51 146.36 180.43 137.62 115.95 106.03 Germany 134.78 132.95 133.53 165.94 96.88 94.57 95.95
Greece 52.94 55.84 58.42 32.85 75.50 84.27 92.79
Hong Kong 83.50 81.93 80.45 56.52 109.16 105.43 102.26 Hungary 127.05 144.16 159.78 261.15 54.70 70.65 87.31 Iceland 111.73 116.07 119.60 135.06 81.79 88.56 94.57
India 82.73 75.78 71.97 44.52 136.03 114.52 103.90
Indonesia 133.79 129.66 126.15 136.21 116.30 109.58 104.33 Ireland 195.62 182.47 177.04 280.35 120.80 105.44 99.84 Israel 156.48 142.27 134.31 152.90 141.72 117.53 105.35
Italy 104.15 102.83 103.53 99.92 96.06 93.95 95.80
Japan 95.14 88.78 85.63 62.91 127.33 111.24 104.08
Malaysia 267.91 256.93 250.51 541.68 117.26 108.20 103.46 Mexico 143.78 130.61 126.02 135.83 134.70 111.50 104.42
Morocco 72.81 86.72 96.56 92.56 50.68 72.13 89.96
Netherlands 133.11 146.28 156.21 240.05 65.32 79.14 90.78 New Zealand 103.38 104.38 102.86 90.46 104.57 106.93 104.46 Nigeria 180.26 165.81 157.29 208.20 138.12 117.23 106.12 Norway 121.01 127.13 129.90 157.87 82.09 90.89 95.45 Pakistan 100.55 90.69 85.31 62.10 144.06 117.59 104.66
Peru 117.38 106.75 100.70 85.51 142.59 118.30 105.90
Philippines 177.40 172.33 168.92 246.33 113.06 107.03 103.44
Poland 94.81 108.45 120.48 148.67 53.51 70.23 87.18
Table 8. Degree of integration with respect to the degree of global integration (DI/DGI) and its decompositiona, 2004
DIi/DGI DTCi/DGTC (γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) DOi/DGO
(γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2)
Portugal 85.68 93.43 100.48 99.60 65.23 77.81 90.52
Romania 99.57 113.19 123.42 151.89 57.76 74.89 89.57 Singapore 216.47 224.30 224.49 443.34 93.53 100.75 101.51 South Korea 146.56 142.32 139.12 167.24 113.67 107.53 103.35 Southafrican Union 115.32 111.19 106.99 99.16 118.68 110.69 103.09
Spain 81.29 89.67 94.87 86.99 67.22 82.05 92.39
Sweden 143.06 138.46 136.74 170.25 106.38 99.98 98.07 Switzerland 132.12 130.88 130.37 155.53 99.33 97.78 97.59 Taiwan 171.88 171.86 171.19 257.04 101.71 102.02 101.82 Thailand 205.79 190.47 181.91 280.45 133.64 114.85 105.37 Tunisia 85.68 103.85 120.27 151.79 42.80 63.08 85.10
Turkey 92.38 91.64 92.96 81.42 92.76 91.57 94.79
United Kingdom 103.13 96.34 93.57 78.70 119.59 104.71 99.36 United States 63.12 67.14 67.56 39.98 88.19 100.09 101.94 USSR (former) 80.59 107.40 123.40 152.04 37.81 67.35 89.44 Venezuela 71.75 66.83 64.53 35.47 128.44 111.79 104.86 Yugoslavia (former) 83.26 99.78 115.22 139.00 44.14 63.60 85.29
Mean 122.43 123.40 124.80 156.46 97.08 96.39 98.19
Standard deviation 44.23 41.28 40.71 104.11 32.27 17.71 7.10 Coefficient variation 23.98 20.31 19.43 66.54 33.24 18.37 7.23 aDespite the correct relationship among the magnitudes in the table is DI DGIi/ = DO DGO DTC DGTCi/ i/ ,
where DGI = DGO DGTC, we have decided to present the above expressions so as to ease interpretations. In addition, the DI DGIi/ ratio has been computed according to the simplest expression for DGI, i.e.,
1 N
i i
DGI =
∑
i= a DI .Table 9. Spearman correlation matrices among the different indicadtors, 1967, 1985 and 2004
Year 1967
DO DTC(γ=1) DTC(γ=0.5) DTC(γ=0.2) DI(γ=1) DI(γ=0.5) DI(γ=0.2) (X+M)/GDP (X-M)/GDP (X-M)/(X+M) DO 1.0000 -0.0843 -0.1610 -0.1727 0.7290 0.9444 0.9905 0.9575 0.0784 0.2698 DTC(γ=1) 1.0000 0.9710 0.8787 0.4926 0.1706 0.0058 -0.1173 0.0326 0.0097
DTC(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9591 0.4259 0.1068 -0.0603 -0.2001 0.0431 -0.0007
DTC(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.3823 0.0935 -0.0651 -0.2039 0.0421 -0.0188
DI(γ=1) 1.0000 0.8843 0.7851 0.6628 0.1067 0.2367
DI(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9746 0.8850 0.1478 0.3125
DI(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.9403 0.1043 0.2875
(X+M)/GDP 1.0000 -0.1408 0.0402
(X-M)/GDP 1.0000 0.9492
(X-M)/(X+M) 1.0000
Year 1985
DO DTC(γ=1) DTC(γ=0.5) DTC(γ=0.2) DI(γ=1) DI(γ=0.5) DI(γ=0.2) (X+M)/GDP (X-M)/GDP (X-M)/(X+M) DO 1.0000 0.0528 0.0104 0.0463 0.8602 0.9528 0.9881 0.9595 0.3394 0.4106 DTC(γ=1) 1.0000 0.9700 0.8807 0.5062 0.2971 0.1634 -0.0603 0.3027 0.3409
DTC(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9545 0.4649 0.2690 0.1307 -0.0951 0.2754 0.3029
DTC(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.4669 0.3012 0.1681 -0.0738 0.3233 0.3362
DI(γ=1) 1.0000 0.9641 0.9127 0.7680 0.4723 0.5355
DI(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9827 0.8791 0.4419 0.5044
DI(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.9331 0.3850 0.4521
(X+M)/GDP 1.0000 0.1213 0.1952
(X-M)/GDP 1.0000 0.9539
(X-M)/(X+M) 1.0000
Table 9. Spearman correlation matrices among the different indicadtors, 1967, 1985 and 2004
Year 2004
DO DTC(γ=1) DTC(γ=0.5) DTC(γ=0.2) DI(γ=1) DI(γ=0.5) DI(γ=0.2) (X+M)/GDP (X-M)/GDP (X-M)/(X+M) DO 1.0000 -0.0834 -0.0833 -0.0626 0.8393 0.9525 0.9901 0.8482 0.5598 0.5369 DTC(γ=1) 1.0000 0.9778 0.9265 0.4056 0.1569 0.0092 -0.3023 0.4391 0.4392
DTC(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9728 0.3981 0.1633 0.0146 -0.3161 0.4601 0.4641
DTC(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.3979 0.1796 0.0358 -0.3024 0.4718 0.4726
DI(γ=1) 1.0000 0.9517 0.8916 0.5969 0.7259 0.7006
DI(γ=0.5) 1.0000 0.9815 0.7458 0.6823 0.6566
DI(γ=0.2) 1.0000 0.8177 0.6143 0.5966
(X+M)/GDP 1.0000 0.1748 0.1732
(X-M)/GDP 1.0000 0.9567
(X-M)/(X+M) 1.0000
Table 10. Relative positions between degree of openness (DO) and the degree of total connection (DTC), 1967-2004
Upper limit DTC
0,403 0,542 0,692 0,878 0,983 (Number) 0,089 0,23 0,20 0,24 0,16 0,16 (449) 0,151 0,16 0,17 0,22 0,19 0,27 (448) 0,210 0,16 0,23 0,17 0,22 0,21 (448) 0,311 0,22 0,21 0,23 0,17 0,17 (448) Upper limit DO:
1,129 0,23 0,19 0,13 0,27 0,18 (449) a) γ=1
Upper limit DTC
0,617 0,714 0,837 0,918 0,984 (Number) 0,089 0,18 0,25 0,24 0,16 0,17 (449) 0,151 0,15 0,20 0,17 0,21 0,27 (448) 0,210 0,18 0,23 0,19 0,19 0,21 (448) 0,311 0,22 0,22 0,21 0,18 0,17 (448) Upper limit DO:
1,129 0,27 0,10 0,19 0,26 0,18 (449) b) γ=0.5
Upper limit DTC
0,786 0,830 0,900 0,937 0,973 (Number) 0,089 0,22 0,22 0,25 0,23 0,08 (449) 0,151 0,17 0,18 0,17 0,26 0,23 (448) 0,210 0,20 0,24 0,18 0,15 0,23 (448) 0,311 0,19 0,25 0,23 0,11 0,22 (448) Upper limit DO:
1,129 0,22 0,12 0,18 0,25 0,24 (449) c) γ=0.2
unweighted average of observed frequencies to estimate the probability that a country in one class according to DO will be in another class according to DTC.12 Hence, we have evidence on the different paths followed by different countries to achieve a certain degree of integration ( DI ), i.e., it might be due to either higher openness, or to a higher degree of connection, or to a combination of the two in similar proportions, etc.: the possible combinations are multiple.
12 Put another way, entry l in each row k, pkl, represents the probability that a country in class k according to DO will be in state l according to DTCi. They are computed as pkl =Nkl/Nk, where
Nkl is the number of countries in class k and l for DO and DTCi respectively, and Nk is the total number of countries in class k.
Results are shown in Tables 10.a, 10.b and 10.c. Given γ , if there is no difference in the values of any two rows we can conclude that the indicators DO and
DTC are independent, i.e., a country's degree of openness does not give us any knowledge about its degree of connection and vice versa, as can be seen in reality.
Moreover, each value in a fixed row is close to 20%. Given a class of DO it is equally likely to belong to any class of DTC. This is because the independence between these indicators as well as between classes. For instance, the upper-left cell in Table 10.a indicates that the 20% least open countries, with DOi <0.089, have a 0.23 probability of having a low degree of connection, DTCi <0.403, but in fact, the probability of their having a medium or a high degree of connection is 0.24 and 0.16 respectively, all probabilities lying close to 0.20.
These tendencies are similar for all γ , i.e., the general tendency is for any class of DO to have an equal probability of belonging to each class of DTC. Finally, the last column in Tables 10.a, 10.b and 10.c shows the number of country-year pairs in each DO class. For instance, the first row indicates that there were 449 country-year pairs with 0.089DOi < .
Apart from the relations between our basic indicators of interest, we can also analyze how they relate to different country groupings. In particular, we find that it is difficult to identify any sort of clear association between the average values of the two dimensions of integration according to geographical areas (Table 11), according to economy size (GDP) (Table 12), or according to per capita GDP (Table 13), although this classification reveals distinctive features for some of the indicators. In particular, we note how the Eastern European economies stand out for their high levels of openness, but low levels of connectedness, whereas those in South and Southeast Asia excel in both variables. We can also point to low openness in North America, Australasia, and South America, although for this case DTC is the highest indicator.
The highest DI levels are found in Asia (South and Southeast), whereas North America ranks lowest.
The impact of both economy size and per capita GDP on degree of openness presents an inverted-U shape, with the highest levels corresponding to intermediate stages. From this perspective, we do not note any particular pattern for either DTC or
DI.
Table 11. Degree of openness, degree of total connection and degree of integration, weighted means, country groups according to geography, 2004
DTC DI
Region DO
(γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) (γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) Western Europea 27.80 59.85 74.21 85.67 39.41 44.16 47.56 Eastern Europeb 32.64 37.68 60.02 81.05 33.24 43.14 50.52 North Americac 11.12 60.73 81.28 91.75 25.51 29.14 30.84 South Americadd 17.26 82.73 90.76 93.85 37.06 39.04 39.72 Africae 25.76 68.46 81.80 89.82 40.80 44.62 46.76 Asia (South and Southeastern)f 34.94 82.05 89.56 93.22 46.89 49.70 51.05 Asia (Eastern)g 21.82 80.29 88.60 93.29 40.16 42.35 43.50 Australasiah 13.98 63.52 84.76 93.74 29.76 34.35 36.12
a France, BLEU, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Greece, Portugal.
b Former Yugoslavia, Former USSR, Bulgaria, Former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Albania, Turkey, Israel.
c United States, Canada, Mexico.
d Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru.
e Southafrican Union, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Nigeria, Gabon.
f Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, India, Pakistan.
g Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, People's Rep.
h Australia, New Zealand.
Table 12. Degree of openness, degree of total connection and degree of integration, weighted means, country groups according to GDP, 2004
DTC DI
Group DO
(γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) (γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) Group 1ª 17.18 64.92 80.60 90.08 32.02 35.62 37.69 Group 2b 33.97 63.77 78.04 88.32 43.75 49.04 52.59 Group 3c 31.22 60.77 76.30 87.52 41.46 46.64 50.09 Group 4d 43.66 66.64 79.85 89.49 48.95 54.57 58.19 Group 5e 24.91 64.53 77.91 88.45 37.87 42.11 45.04
aUnited States, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, China (People's Rep.), Canada, Spain, Former USSR, South Korea, India.
bMexico, Australia, Netherlands, Brazil, BLEU, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, Taiwan, Austria, Norway, Denmark.
c Poland, Indonesia, Greece, Southafrican Union, Finland, Ireland, Thailand, Hong Kong, Portugal, Argentina, Former Czechoslovakia, Israel.
d Malaysia, Venezuela, Singapore, Former Yugoslavia, Hungary, New Zealand, Colombia, Chile, Philippines, Algeria, Pakistan, Romania.
e Peru, Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, Ecuador, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Iceland, Albania, Gabon, Brunei Darussalam.
Table 13. Degree of openness, degree of total connection and degree of integration, weighted means, country groups according to per capita GDP, 2004
DTC DI
Group DO
(γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) (γ=1) (γ=0.5) (γ=0.2) Group 1ª 14.76 64.17 81.30 90.78 28.86 32.47 34.40 Group 2b 25.69 61.60 76.00 86.98 39.19 43.46 46.44 Group 3c 37.54 66.29 78.58 88.81 47.83 52.64 56.18 Group 4d 26.86 57.48 74.47 87.51 36.00 42.77 47.09 Group 5e 27.91 81.33 89.53 93.33 45.87 48.31 49.37
a Norway, Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, Iceland, United States, Sweden, Japan, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, BLEU.
b Finland, France, Germany, Australia, Canada, Italy, Hong Kong, Spain, Singapore, New Zealand, Greece, Israel.
c Portugal, Brunei Darussalam, South Korea, Taiwan, Hungary, Former Czechoslovakia, Mexico, Poland, Chile, Malaysia, Gabon, Turkey.
d Former Yugoslavia, Venezuela, Argentina, Southafrican Union, Romania, Bulgaria, Brazil, Tunisia, Former USSR, Thailand, Algeria, Peru.
e Albania, Ecuador, Colombia, Morocco, China (People's Rep.), Philippines, Indonesia, Egypt, India, Nigeria, Pakistan.