Alteraciones óseas de la articulación.
3. TRATAMIENTO ESTADíSTICO
3.1. Proceso de datos.
Comparisons over time between investments in innovation related activities and innovation outputs reveal a fall during the downturn, with the exception of some business and management practices. However, innovative businesses performed better during the crisis.
New-to-market (novel) innovation and new-to-firm (imitation) innovation are important for business performance and growth.
This implies that effective policies to nurture innovation promote business performance even during adverse economic circumstances.
The employment of specific skills (such as product design, software development and engineering and applied sciences) generally shows a positive relationship with innovation performance during the survey period 2008 to 2010 and there is some indication that the more highly specialised of the skills (e.g. engineering and applied sciences) are distinctive drivers of innovation (not just a demand derived from innovation led by other factors).
This implies that specialised skills take-up is a legitimate feature of innovation policies both for the ability to absorb technology and external knowledge and as sources of creativity and innovation.
Design-related as well as Science & Technology (S&T) related skills are significantly associated with innovation, and design-related skills are important for services innovation.
This implies that design is important for successful innovation and balanced policy mix should include consideration of design, both in-house and outsourced design skills and across all business sectors.
Business performance during the downturn period was also positively correlated with innovation carried out as mixed modes (bundles of
complementary activities, for example, training, management practices and intellectual property protection) and especially with modes that feature specialised skills, although the direction of causation cannot be readily inferred in one survey sample.
This implies that monolithic policies that isolate one element in the innovation system, e.g. R&D, may not meet the spectrum of innovation relevant activities and their strategic combinations.
Regression models for growth in sales and employment during 2008 to 2010 show a significant correlation with a mode of wider innovation that features management changes. Other research by the authors (Frenz and Lambert,
2012) reports a positive link between business growth and the take up of management standards such as ISO9001, supported by accreditation.
This implies role for encouraging improved management practices as part of innovation policy e.g. through accredited management standards.
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