Proceso de recogida de datos

4.1. INTRODUCTION

Miami Beach has now turned its attention to aggrandized issues of resiliency policy planning and combating sea level rise. In this endeavor, the city has undertaken a $400 million Resiliency Plan and hired the city’s first Chief Resiliency Officer, yet many of these plans are admittedly short-term and threaten the building stock currently under the purview of historic preservation regulations. This chapter seeks to establish a framework of prevailing and prospective municipal planning in order to evaluate concerns for historic resources.

Current and future challenges are site specific and intended to demonstrate the widening role that historic preservation can play with integration to resiliency planning.

4.2. GEOGRAPHY

Figure 4.1: Miami Beach location map

Miami Beach is an independent city, one of thirty-one municipalities that lie within Miami-Dade County. Miami Beach rests along seven miles of the Atlantic coast, between the cruise terminals through Government Cut on its south and the town of Surfside on its north.

The City of Miami is across Biscyane Bay to the west. Miami Beach has been divided into three sections: North, Middle (or Central), and South Beach since the early 1920s. The lines

City of

● 7.0 square miles of land

● 11.7 square miles of water Separated into three sections

● North (87th to 63rd)

● Middle (23rd to 63rd)

● South Beach (23rd to 1st)

North Beach

of demarcation steadily shifted northward as the city grew, and today (2017) South Beach is considered south of 23^rd street, Middle Beach encompasses the area north of 23rd Street and the Indian Creek and south of 63rd Street, and North Beach is the northernmost section of the city, roughly bound by 63rd Street and Indian Creek Drive to the south and 87th Terrace to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of

18.7 square miles, composed of 7.0 square miles of land and 11.7 square miles of water.

In order to understand the importance of historic preservation regulation in Miami Beach, geospatial data confirms that 29.81% of all buildings and 25.02% of all land area are under local historic preservation regulation.¹ Since the 1983 Historic Preservation Ordinance was enacted, the following historic resources have been designated:

• 12 Local Historic Districts

• Inventory of 1,516 contributing properties and a total number of 1,861 properties located within the existing local historic districts

• 15 individually locally designated historic sites

• 30 individually locally designated single family homes

• 4 National Register Historic Districts: (1) Miami Beach Architectural District

(commonly referred to as the Art Deco District), 1979; (2) Normandy Isles National Register Historic District, 2008; (3) North Shore National Register Historic District, 2009; and (4) National Register Collins Waterfront Architectural Historic District, 2011

• 6 individually designated National Register listings: (1) Beth Jacob Social Hall and Congregation, 1980; (2) The Venetian Causeway, 1989; (3) The Ocean Spray Hotel, 2004; (4) The Cadillac Hotel, 2005; (5) The Fontainebleau Hotel, 2008; and (6) Lincoln Road Mall, 2011²

1 This is data based from 2009 and received from the City of Miami Beach. An inventory of 1,515 contributing properties within existing Local Historic Districts with a total number of 1,861 existing within Local Historic District demonstrates the high concentration of contributing properties across these twelve Local Historic Districts.

2 Information adapted from the City of Miami Beach’s Environmental Scan, 2016, 29, http://web.miamibeachfl.gov/excellence/scroll.aspx?id=18260. Accessed April 3, 2017.

3 Ibid.

4 Data sources utilized for the GIS analysis: Local Historic District: City of Miami Beach, 2009; Local Historic Site: City of Miami Beach, 2009;

2 Information adapted from the City of Miami Beach’s Environmental Scan, 2016, 29, http://web.miamibeachfl.gov/excellence/scroll.aspx?id=18260. Accessed April 3, 2017.

Overall, escalations in designation most notably include a 36% increase in surveyed

properties, a 500% increase in locally designated single-family homes, and a 300% increase in National Register historic districts from 2005 to 2015. ³

In addition, data was compiled to understand the effects of sea level rise from a quantitative perspective at increments of two and four-foot topographic elevations.⁴ The lowest lying areas of the city are predominately composed of new development (non-historic) areas, whereas most historic resources were typically built towards the nominally higher eastern oceanfront. There are 6,381 tax parcels in Miami Beach with 2,127 in National Register historic districts and 1,972 in local historic districts for a combined 2,315 tax parcels in either historic district.⁵

In order to provide data-driven analysis of historic properties, tax parcel level information was intersected at 2 and 4 foot intervals to understand percentages of total historic districts affected.⁶ National Register historic districts and local historic districts were split, though there are some overlaps, to demonstrate the difference in regulatory protection from demolition and highlight those eligible for federal historic tax credits.⁷ This data will be helpful to identify prioritzed adaptation areas based on total percentages of buildings affected.⁸ The total tax parcels intersected at 2 feet (projected sea level rise by 2050) across Miami Beach total 35% (2,255/6,381 parcels) and at 4 feet (projected sea level rise by 2100) equals 75% (4,813/6,381 parcels).⁹ These overall percentages are lower than averages throughout both historic district typologies. The following research depicts these

3 Ibid.

4 Data sources utilized for the GIS analysis: Local Historic District: City of Miami Beach, 2009; Local Historic Site: City of Miami Beach, 2009;

National Register Historic District: City of Miami Beach, 2009; Property Parcel: Miami-Dade County, 2016; Cartographic Streets: Miami-Dade County, 2006; Topography: Florida Division of Emergency Management, 2009.

5 A tax parcel is a division of land developed for the sole purpose of creating a complete, accurate, and equitable unit of taxation in support of taxpayers, contributing a fair share of support for the community services received.

6 These projections are based on topographic information. As will be discussed in the thesis, the particular geology and construction methods in Miami Beach pose issues that even though certain parcels may be above levels of elevation, this doesn’t preclude basement infiltration or the effects of neighboring buildings and infrastructure improvements (such as raised street levels) to exacerbate effects.

7 Please note that National Register Historic Districts do overlap certain Local Historic Districts. Miami Beach Architectural District includes:

Museum, Espanola Way, Flamingo Park, Ocean Drive/Collins Ave. Collins Waterfront Architectural District includes: Collins Waterfront Historic District. North Shore Historic District includes: Harding Townsite. Two National Register Historic Districts are currently under review to be designated as either Local Historic Districts or Neighborhood Conservation Districts. These include: North Shore and Normandy Isles, which are discussed in detail in Appendix B4.

8 Due to the constraints of time and aims of this thesis on policy progression, the focus was on the regulatory differences between National Register and Local Historic District listings. Further research for ownership, property values, socioeconomic, and historic property information should be undertaken. This research is meant to provide a basis for discussion of the widespread impact 2 and 4 feet of sea level rise would definitely have based on topography.

9 At 2 feet, National Register and local historic districts intersect with 23% of parcels, and at 4 feet intersect at 51% and 46% respectively.

locations, as well as total calculations to identify particular areas of concern.

Table 4.1: Environmental Scan of historic resources, 2016 Local Historic District

Name 2ft Topo 4ft Topo Sum 2+4ft Total 2ft/total 4ft/total

Collins Corridor 108 73 181 185 58% 98%

Musuem 11 92 103 107 10% 96%

Waterway 7 7 14 15 47% 93%

North Beach 5 19 24 29 17% 83%

Morris Lapidus 4 13 17 21 19% 81%

Palm View 45 6 51 82 55% 62%

Espanola Way 12 10 22 45 27% 49%

Flamingo Park 234 201 435 975 24% 45%

Ocean Beach 31 81 112 256 12% 44%

Ocean Drive/Collins 2 44 46 195 1% 24%

Harding Townsite 0 7 7 42 0% 17%

Altos del Mar 0 3 3 23 0% 13%

Total 459 556 1015 1975 23% 51%

National Register Historic District

Name 2ft Topo 4ft Topo Sum 2+4ft Total 2ft/total 4ft/total

Collins Waterfront 79 60 139 157 50% 89%

Miami Beach

Architectural 229 328 557 1240 18% 45%

Normandy Isles 81 18 99 222 36% 45%

North Shore 105 84 189 508 21% 37%

Total 494 430 845 2127 23% 40%