CAPÍTULO II............................................................................................................ 12
4.1 Descripción de la empresa
4.1.3 Proceso de fabricación de carrocerías
Drinking W Drinking W Drinking W Drinking W
Drinking Water – Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)ater – Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)ater – Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)ater – Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)ater – Specification (BIS 10500: 1991)
Sl. No. Sl. No. Sl. No. Sl. No.
Sl. No. Substance or CharacteristicSubstance or CharacteristicSubstance or CharacteristicSubstance or CharacteristicSubstance or Characteristic RequirementRequirementRequirementRequirementRequirement Permissible limit inPermissible limit inPermissible limit inPermissible limit inPermissible limit in
(Desirable limit) (Desirable limit) (Desirable limit) (Desirable limit)
(Desirable limit) the absence of alternatethe absence of alternatethe absence of alternatethe absence of alternatethe absence of alternate
source source source source source Essential Characteristics Essential Characteristics Essential Characteristics Essential Characteristics Essential Characteristics
1. Colour (Hazen units, Max) 5 25
2. Odour Unobjectonable Unobjectionable
3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable
4. Turbidity (NTU. Max) 5 10
5. pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No Relaxation
6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/lit, Max 300 600
7. lron (as Fe) mg/lit, Max 0.3 1.0
8. Chlorides (as Cl) mg/lit, Max. 250 1000
9. Residual free chlorine, mg/lit, Min. 0.2 --
10. Fluoride (as F) mg/lit, Max 1.0 1.5
Desirable Characteristics Desirable Characteristics Desirable Characteristics Desirable Characteristics Desirable Characteristics
11. Dissolved solids mg/lit, Max 500 2000
12. Calcium (as Ca) mg/lit, Max 75 200
13. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/lit, Max 30 100
15. Manganese (as Mn) mg/lit, Max 0.10 0.3
16. Sulfate (as SO4) mg/lit, Max 200 400
17. Nitrate (as NO3) mg/lit, Max 45 No relaxation
18. Phenolic Compounds 0.001 0.002
(as C6 H5OH) mg/lit, Max
19. Mercury (as Hg) mg/lit, Max 0.001 No relaxation
20. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/lit, Max 0.01 No relaxation
21. Selenium (as Se) mg/lit, Max 0.01 No relaxation
22. Arsenic (as As) mg/lit, Max 0.01 No relaxation
23. Cyanide (as CN) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation
24. Lead (as Pb) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation
25. Zinc (as Zn) mg/lit, Max 5 15
26. Anionic detergents (as MBAS) 0.2 1.0
mg/lit, Max
27. Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation
28. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons -- --
(as PAH) g/lit, Max
29. Mineral Oil mg/lit, Max 0.01 0.03
30. Pesticides mg/lit. Max Absent 0.001
31. Radioactive Materials
(i) Alpha emitters Bq/lit. Max -- 0.1
(ii) Beta emitters pci/lit. Max -- 1.0
32. Alkalinity mg/lit, Max 200 600
33. Aluminium (as Al) mg/lit, Max 0.03 0.2
34. Boron mg/lit, Max 1 5
Bacteriological Examination
Water in Distribution System
Water in the distribution system, piped water, upto the consumer’s level should have no coliform organisms. Since it is not ideally possible, therefore, the following standard in the water sample collected from distribution system is recommended (tested in accordance with IS 1622:1981)
(a) Throughout any year, 95 percent of samples should not contain any coliform organisms in 100 mL;
(b) No sample should contain E. Coli in 100 mL;
(c) No sample should contain more than 10 coliform organisms per 100 mL; and
(d) Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 mL of any two consecutive samples.
12.7
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.
Sources of water pollution: Sources of water pollution: Sources of water pollution: Sources of water pollution:
Sources of water pollution: Water is an essential commodity for survival. We need water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, irrigation, and for industrial operations. Most of water for such uses comes from rivers, lakes or groundwater sources. Water has the property to dissolve many substances in it, therefore, it can easily get polluted. Pollution of water can be caused by point sources or non-point sources. Point sources are specific sites near water which directly discharge effluents into them. Major point sources of water pollution are industries, power plants, underground coal mines, offshore oil wells etc. The discharge from non-point sources is not at any particular site, rather, these sources are scattered, which individually or collectively pollute water. Surface run-off from agricultural fields, overflowing small drains, rain water sweeping roads and fields, atmospheric deposition etc., are the non-point sources of water pollution.
Ground water pollution: Ground water pollution: Ground water pollution: Ground water pollution:
Ground water pollution: Ground water forms about 0.59% of the total water available on planet earth and is about 30 times more than surface water (streams, lakes and estuaries). Ground water seems to be less prone to pollution as the soil mantle through which water passes helps to retain various contaminants due to its cation exchange capacity. However, there are a number of potential sources of ground water pollution. Septic tanks, industry (textile, chemical, tanneries), deep well injection, mining etc., are mainly responsible for ground water pollution, which is irreversible. Ground water pollution with arsenic, fluoride and nitrate are posing serious health hazards.
Surface water pollution: Surface water pollution: Surface water pollution: Surface water pollution:
Surface water pollution: The major sources of surface water pollution are: 1.
1. 1. 1.
1. Sewage.Sewage.Sewage.Sewage.Sewage. Emptying the drains and sewers in fresh water bodies causes water pollution. The problem is severe in cities.
2. 2. 2. 2.
2. Industrial efIndustrial efIndustrial efIndustrial efIndustrial effluents.fluents.fluents.fluents.fluents. Industrial wastes containing toxic chemicals, acids, alkalis, metallic salts, phenols, cyanides, ammonia, radioactive substances, etc., are sources of water pollution. They also cause thermal (heat) pollution of water.
3. 3. 3. 3.
3. Synthetic detergents.Synthetic detergents.Synthetic detergents.Synthetic detergents.Synthetic detergents. Synthetic detergents used in washing and cleaning produce foam and pollute water.
4. 4. 4. 4.
4. Agrochemicals.Agrochemicals.Agrochemicals.Agrochemicals.Agrochemicals. Agrochemicals like fertilizers (containing nitrates and phosphates) and pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides etc.) washed by rain-water and surface run-off pollute water.
5. 5. 5. 5.
5. Oil. Oil. Oil. Oil. Oil. Oil spillage into sea-water during drilling and shipment pollute it. 6.
6. 6. 6.
6. WWWWWaste heat.aste heat.aste heat.aste heat. Waste heat from industrial discharges increases the temperature of wateraste heat. bodies and affects distribution and survival of sensitive species.