El proceso de Tokio

· Supply chain management (SCM) refers to the processes of creating and fulfilling demands for goods and services. It encompasses a trading partner community engaged in the common goal of satisfying end customers. The objective of supply chain management is to coordinate activities within the supply chain to maximize the supply chain’s competitive advantage and benefits to the ultimate consumer.

· Firms have different choices on how are they going to meet their supply needs. Some of the sourcing strategies that are used in supply chain management today include:

· Single sourcing

· A method whereby a purchased part is supplied by only one supplier. A JIT manufacturer will frequently have only one supplier for a purchased part so that close relationships can be established with a smaller number of suppliers. These close relationships (and mutual interdependence) foster high quality, reliability, short lead times, and cooperative action.

· Multi-sourcing

· Procurement of a good or service from more than one independent supplier.

Companies may use it sometimes to induce healthy competition between the suppliers in order to achieve higher quality and lower price.

· Insourcing

· Insourcing is a business practice in which work that would otherwise have been contracted out is performed in house.

· Insourcing often involves bringing in specialists to fill temporary needs or training existing personnel to perform tasks that would otherwise have been outsourced.

Insourcing can be viewed as outsourcing as seen from the opposite side. For example, a company based in Japan might open a plant in the United States for the purpose of employing American workers to manufacture Japanese products. From the Japanese perspective this is outsourcing, but from the American perspective it is insourcing.

Nissan, a Japanese automobile manufacturer, has in fact done this.

· Joint ventures

· A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. This task can be a new project or any other business activity. In a joint venture (JV), each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses and costs associated with it. However, the venture is its own entity, separate and apart from the participants' other business interests.

· Keiretsu networks

Supply Chain Management

· Keiretsu is a business network composed of manufacturers, supply chain partners, distributors and financiers who remain financially independent but work closely together to ensure each other’s success. In Japanese, the word keiretsu means “group.”

In business, the word is often used as a synonym for partnership, alliance or extended enterprise.

· The formation of a keiretsu allows a manufacturer to establish stable, long-term partnerships, which in turn helps them to stay lean and focus on core business requirements. That same stability, however, can sometimes be a liability and prevent the manufacturer from responding quickly to changes in the economy, culture or technology. Keiretsu are organized around their own trading companies and banks.

This allows each major keiretsu to be capable of controlling nearly every step of the economic chain in a variety of industrial, resource and service sectors.

· Vertical integration

· Vertical integration is a strategy where a company expands its business operations into different steps on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor. Vertical integration can help companies reduce costs and improve efficiencies by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing turnaround time, among other advantages. However, sometimes it is more effective for a company to rely on the established expertise and economies of scale of other vendors rather than trying to become vertically integrated.

· Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. Contrary to horizontal integration, which is a consolidation of many firms that handle the same part of the production process, vertical integration is typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production (e.g., growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing, and/or retailing).

· There are three varieties: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration.

· A company exhibits backward vertical integration when it controls subsidiaries that produce some of the inputs used in the production of its products. For example, an automobile company may own a tire company, a glass company, and a metal company.

Control of these three subsidiaries is intended to create a stable supply of inputs and ensure a consistent quality in their final product. It was the main business approach of Ford and other car companies in the 1920s, who all sought to minimize costs by integrating the production of cars and car parts, as exemplified in the Ford River Rouge Complex.

· A company tends toward forward vertical integration when it controls distribution centers and retailers where its products are sold.

· Supply Chain Management of Jollibee

· The Corporate Supply Chain provides manufacturing and logistics services to the various brands of JFC through Zenith Foods Corporation (“ZFC”) and JWS Logistics.

· Logistics

· JWS Logistics (JWSL) is part of Jollibee Worldwide Services, the regional operating headquarters of the Jollibee Group of companies. JWSL ensures the delivery of goods to the JFC stores on-time and in-full through its services which include supply planning, warehousing, distribution, and customer support and order management. It operates distribution centers in strategic locations to service the growing network of stores in the JFC system. The biggest distribution center which serves as a major hub for Metro Manila and South Luzon is located in a 5-hectare property in Barangay Marcelo Green, Paranaque City with over 20,000 combined pallet locations for both dry and cold storages. Like its manufacturing partner ZFC, JWSL is poised for expansion. A mix of company-owned and third party serviced logistics centers are being undertaken.

· Commissaries

· Thanks to the Jollibee Commissary System, ensuring the manufacture and distribution of safe and high- quality food in the most cost-efficient manner is made possible.

· ZFC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of JFC, serves as the major manufacturing arm of the Company. The major facility, located in Carmelray Industrial Park 1 in Canlubang has a combined capacity of about 400 metric tons of various products daily.

· There are three Commissary System sites: Santolan, Pasig City; Mandaue City, Cebu;

and the central site in Canlubang, Laguna. The System, which operates 24/7, manages Jollibee’s total supply chain process.

· The Jollibee Pasig City commissary has production lines for breads and sauces, and is the distribution center for North Manila and North Luzon. In 1996, Jollibee opened the Vismin Foods Corporation (VFC) in Mandaue City, Cebu to service the Visayas and Mindanao areas. VFC has its own bread, pie, sauce, and frozen patty lines.

· The Laguna commissary is the biggest and most advanced in the country and among Asia’s best. Operated by Zenith Foods Corporation (ZFC), a full subsidiary of Jollibee, the newest commissary is on a 6-hectare property in the Carmelray Industrial Park.

Aided by custom-made mechanized equipment, the production lines are for the marinated Chicken Joy, frozen patties and pies, breads, sauces, hotdogs and other meat products, and dry blended goods. ZFC can service over 800 Jollibee and Greenwich stores.

· The chicken marination line can produce as many as 150,000 pieces a day while about 480,000 hamburger patties a day is turned out by the frozen patty line. The breadline is designed to match the volume output of patties, i.e. also about 480,000 pieces a day.

The pie-line can produce as much as 157,000 pocket pies in a 20-hour operating day.

Currently, pies are exported to Jollibee stores in Hong Kong, Guam, Saipan, Brunei,

Supply Chain Management and the USA. Various sauce products are processed in the ZFC sauce line including those for the Jollibee bestsellers, spaghetti and palabok.

· A professionally staffed Technical Services Team supports the maintenance of an internationally accepted quality management system that further ensures the quality and safety of the commissary manufactured food products. High-calibre teams from Engineering, Human Resources, Information Management, Finance and Accounting likewise provide support to the Manufacturing and Logistics operations of the Commissary.

· In 1998, the frozen patty line in the Pasig commissary was awarded an ISO 9002 certification by the SGS (Societe’ Generale Surveillance) Yarsely, an international certification body. An ISO 9002 international certificate is a written assurance by a certification body that a company follows the requirements, specifications and guidelines set out by the International Organization for Standardization. 2004 is a banner year for Vismin Foods Corporation (VFC) who has been assessed and certified by the National Meat Inspection Commission of the Department of Agriculture, to have fully met the requirements and standards of Good Manufacturing Practice, reinforcing the commissary’s “AAA” accreditation granted by the same agency.

· Suppliers

· The company has existing agreements with all suppliers.