Producción de aves en latinoamera

On the applied side, some attempts have been made at the National Institute of Immunology (NII), New Delhi, to introduce the growth hormone gene in the embryos of L. rohita. About 150 000-200 000 copies of a fusion gene containing murine metallothionine promoter (Mu MT) and the coding sequence of the human growth hormone gene (hGH) were microinjected into 434 fertilized one-celled eggs of L. rohita. However, only 50 of these microinjected embryos survived. DNA analysis from gill tissue of the surviving embryos showed that only two of them contained the transgene in their genome, carrying one to two copies of the human growth hormone gene. Thus, these preliminary studies indicated the possibilities of introducing foreign DNA into major carp embryos (Alok et al. 1995).

Other transgenic work on zebra fish is mostly academic in nature. Pandian et al. (1991) microinjected fertilized eggs of zebra fish with a plasmid containing the rat growth-hormone gene, prior to the first cleavage. Genomic DNA of the embryos developed from the microinjected eggs was extracted and analyzed by slot-blot and Southern-blot hybridization, using labeled plasmid as a probe. The hybridization patterns indicate genomic, extrachromosomal and also mosaic integrations. It was also reported that the concentration of persisting extrachromosomal DNA progressively decreased in F₁ and F₂ generations. The growth rate in these transgenic fish was observed to be high in F₀ and F₁ generations but low in F₂. The extra or higher growth in F₀ and F₁ may be due to transient expression of the extrachromosomal DNA, carrying the growth hormone gene in these generations.

3.3.5 Utilization of genetic

resources in aquaculture

Surveys have been and are being conducted in some states like Karnataka and Orissa to assess the status of stocks in major hatcheries against wild stocks, in terms of the inbreeding level in hatchery-bred seed. Biochemical and molecular

genetic techniques are in use to identify stocks/ populations and develop genetic markers. Many of the progressive fish farmers are also becoming aware of the importance and effective role that genetics can play in improving the quality of the farm products and boosting the production levels from their farms with assured returns.

In Karnataka, a crossbred C. catla from two different hatchery parental stocks was recommended for commercial production in 2001 following trials that demonstrated higher yields in the crossbred than in the parent stocks. A selected common carp stock from Vietnam is also undergoing state level evaluation following promising trials against the local stock.

The genetically improved L. rohita has indicated a 35-40 per cent faster growth after two generations of selection in the first set of field trials undertaken in different parts of India. The improved stocks have been disseminated to selected hatcheries for commercial production.

3.3.6 Summary

As agriculture plays an important role in the economy of India, the Government set the priorities in the order of agriculture, animal husbandry and then fisheries. Attention was paid more to developing genetics-based technologies in agriculture and farm animals. After attaining self-sufficiency in these areas, over the past 20-25 years, aquaculture is receiving due recognition through the development of various farming systems. Several aquaculture technologies, such as extensive, semi-intensive and intensive, have already been developed that are designed for marginal, middle level farmers and also industrialists. By these technologies the farmers in India are able to produce 4-10 tonnes of fish/ ha/yr, which otherwise was only 0.6 tonnes/ha/yr. However, as quality increases quantity, for sustainable yields, these technologies need to be supported by using genetically-improved varieties of candidate species. Therefore, the immediate task before us is the exploitation of the genetic potential of the candidate species that are commonly used in aquaculture. To this end, efforts are already being made and several genetic improvement methods are in progress. Selective breeding, which is at present the most practical approach for stock improvement, is underway to improve the growth of L. rohita, one of the most important species among Indian major carps. Other modern genetic improvement technologies

50 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.3 | Carp Genetic Resources Of India ₅₁ like chromosomal and genetic engineering

technologies under experimentation are also expected to achieve sustainability of aquaculture production.

References

Alikunhi, K.H. and H. Chaudhuri 1959. Preliminary observations on hybridization of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with Indian carps. Proc. Ind. Sci. Congr. 3:46.

Alikunhi, K.H., K.K. Sukumaran and S. Parameswaran. 1971. Studies on composite fish culture: Production by compatible combinations of Indian and Chinese carps. J. Inl. Fish. Assoc. 1:26-57.

Alok, D., N.S. Haque and J.S. Killan. 1995. Transfer of human growth hormone gene into Indian major carp (L. rohita). Int. J. Anim. Sci. 10:5-8.

Banerji, S.K. 1987. Induction of fish mitotic division in vivo by Concanavalin A. Ind. J. Exp. Biol 25:556-558. Barat, A., G. John and W.S. Lakra. 1990. Preliminary investigations on G-banding and NOR in some Indian teleosts. Proc. 7th _{All India Congr. Cytology and} Genetics, 22-26 December 1990, Kalyani, West Bengal. 67 p.

Basavaraju, Y., G.Y. Keshavappa, D. Seenappa and K.V. Devaraj. 1989. First report on an interspecific hybrid between Labeo rohita and Labeo fimbriatus. Curr. Res. 18:164-165.

Basavaraju, Y., K.V. Devaraj, S.P. Ayyar and G.Y. Keshavappa. 1994. Morphometric and meristic characteristics of catla (male) X fimbriatus (female) hybrids, p. 245- 252. In Samuel Paul Raj (ed.). Proc. National Symp. Aquaculture for 2000 A.D.

Basavaraju, Y., G.C. Mair and D.J. Penman. 1997. A genetic improvement programme on Catla catla in Karnataka State, India - Preliminary findings. Workshop on “Genetic improvement of carps in Asia”, CIFA, Kausalyaganga, 26-29 July 1997, ICLARM/ADB, Philippines.

Bjarne Gjerde, Padala V. G. K. Reddy, Kanta D. Mahapatra, Jatendra N. Saha, Ranjit K. Jana, Prem K. Meher, Minakshi Sahoo, Smita Lenka, P. Govindassamy and Morten Rye. 2002. Growth and survival in two complete diallele crosses with five stocks of Rohu carp (Labeo rohita) Aquaculture. 209 (1-4): 103-115 Bhowmick, R.M., R.K. Jana, S.D. Gupta, G.V. Kowtal and

M. Rout. 1981. Studies on some aspects of the biology and morphometry of the intergeneric hybrid Catla catla (Ham) x Labeo rohita produced by hypophysation. Aquaculture 23:367-371.

Chaudhuri, H. 1959. Experiments on hybridization of Indian carps. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. 46(4):20-21. Chaudhuri, H. 1971. Fish hybridization in Asia with

special reference to India. Lectures, Seminar/Study tour in the USSR, on “Genetic Selection and Hybridization of cultivated fishes”, 19 April-29 May 1968. FAO Rep. (TA) 2926:151-159.

Chaudhuri, H. 1973. Fertility of hybrids of Indian carps and preliminary studies on the F₂ generations of carp hybrids. J. Inl. Fish. Soc. Ind. 5:195-200. Das Mahapatra, K. P.K. Meher, J.N. Saha, Bjarne Gjerde,

P.V.G.K. Reddy, R.K. Jana, M. Sahu and M. Rye. 2000. Selection response of Rohu, Labeo rohita after two generations of selective breeding. Proc. 5th _{Ind. Fish.} Forum (Abstract No. GB17). 68 p.

Das Mahapatra, K. Bjarne Gjerde, P.V.G.K. Reddy, M. Sahu, R.K. Jana, J.N. Saha and M. Rye. 2001. Tagging: on the use of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag for identification of fishes. Aquaculture Research 32: 47-50.

Das, P. 1994. Strategies for conserving threatened fishes, p. 307-310. In P.V. Dehadrai, P. Das and S.R. Verma (eds). Threatened fishes of India. Natcon Publication 4. Das, P. and A. Barat. 1990. Fish habitat degradation

necessitating conservation. Environmental Series Vol. IV:85-89.

Eknath, A.E. and R.W. Doyle. 1985. Indirect selection for growth and life history traits in Indian carps aquaculture. 1. Effects of brood stock management. Aquaculture 49:73-84.

Gopakumar, K. 2000. Fisheries research in India – revisited, p. 1-20. In K. Gopakumar, B.N. Singh and V.R. Chitransi (eds). Fifty Years of Fisheries Research in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

Gupta, S.D. 1994. Procurement of rohu stocks from different river systems of India and their rearing and management to raise brood fish. In Proc. Regional Workshop Selective Breeding of Rohu, Labeo rohita, CIFA, Kausalyaganga, 28June–12 July1994.

Gupta, S.D. and S.C. Rath. 1993. Cryogenic preservation of carp milt and its utilization in seed production. Proc. 3rd _{Ind. Fish. Forum, 11-14 October 1993, Pantnagar:} 77-79.

Gupta, S.D., S.C. Rath and S. Dasgupta. 1995. Fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved carp spermatozoa over four years at different time intervals after thawing. Geobios 22:208-211.

Ibrahim. 1977. Contribution to hybridization among Indian carps: Studies on the biology and

morphological features of some Indian carp hybrids. Utkal University. Ph.D. thesis.

Jana, R.K. 1993. Studies on some aspects of biology and cytogenetics of rohu-catla and catla-rohu hybrids. Univ. of Calcutta. Ph.D. thesis.

Jhingran, A.G. 1984. The Fish Genetic Resources of India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Jhingran, V.G. 1991. Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan

Publishing Corporation, Delhi. 727 p.

John, G. and P.V.G.K. Reddy. 1987. A note on the Labeo rohita (Ham.) X Cyprinus carpio hybrid, p. 87-90. In K. Tiews (ed.). Proc. World Symp. Selection, Hybridization and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture. Bordeaux, 27-30 May 1986. Vol II. Heeneman, Berlin. 485 p. John, G., P.V.G.K. Reddy and S.D. Gupta. 1984. Artificial

gynogenesis in two Indian major carps, Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Catla catla (Ham.). Aquaculture 42:161- 168.

John, G., P.V.G.K. Reddy and R.K. Jana. 1988. Induced gynogenesis in the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), p. 107-109. In M. Mohan Joseph (ed.). Proc. 1st Indian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore.

John, G., A. Barat and W.S. Lakra. 1992. Localisation of nucleolar organizer regions in fish species Catla catla

52 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.3 | Carp Genetic Resources Of India ₅₃

and Mystus vittatus. The Nucleus 35:179-181. John, G., A. Barat and W.S. Lakra. 1993. Localisation of

nucleolar organizer regions in Labeo (Cyprinidae). La Kromosomo II-70:2381-2384.

Khan, H.A., P.V.G.K. Reddy and S.D. Gupta. 1989. Studies on some aspects of biology and morphology of the intergeneric hybrid Cyprinus carpio var. Communis L. X Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 59(B), II:155-162.

Khan, H.A., S.D. Gupta, P.V.G.K. Reddy, M.S. Tantia and G.V. Kowtal. 1990. Production of sterile intergeneric hybrids and their utility in Aquaculture and reservoir stocking, p. 41-48. In P. Keshavanath and K.V. Radhakrishna (eds). Carp Seed Production Technology. Proc. workshop on carp seed production technology, 2-4 September 1988. Spec. Publ. 2. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore, India. 102 p.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. 1979a. Karyology of two species of hill stream fishes, Berilius bendelisis and Rasbora daniconius (family Cyprinidae). Curr. Sci. 48(1):793-794. Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. 1979b. Chromosomes in

three species of fishes, Aplocheilus panchax (Cyprinodontidae), Lates calcarifer (Percidae) and Gadusia chapra (Clupeidae). Caryologia 32(2):161- 169.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and A. Barat. 1987. Chromosomes in fifteen species of Indian teleost. Caryologia 40(1-2): 131-144.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and C. Chakraborty. 1994. Localization of C-band heterochromatin in metaphase chromosomes of two species in Indian major carps. J. Inl. Fish. Soc. Ind. 26:44-46.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and G.K. Manna. 1976. Chromosome analysis of two Indian hybrid carps. Proc. 63rd _{Ind. Sci.} Congr. 7:151.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and S. Tiwary. 1994. Study of G-bands in two species of fish Anabas testudineus and Labeo rohita. J. Inland Fish Soc. Ind. 26:47-50.

Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R., K. Nayak and P.K. Sahoo. 1988. Cytogenetic indications of matroclinous inheritance in F₁ individuals of Cyprinus carpio var. Communis X Labeo calbasu. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta 41:9-17. Konda Reddy, P. 1977. Studies on taxonomic characters

and growth of catla-rohu and rohu-catla hybrids. Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. 136 p. M.F.Sc. thesis.

Konda Reddy, P. and T.J. Varghese. 1980. Studies on the comparative growth rate of two Indian major carp hybrids, catla-rohu and rohu-catla. J. Inl. Fish. Soc. Ind. 12(2):18-24.

Konda Reddy, P. and T.J. Varghese. 1983. Life history of a major carp hybrid rohu-catla. Ind. J. Fish. 30(1):87-95. Krishnaja, A.P. and M.S. Rege. 1975. Cytogenetic studies

on two species of genus Labeo and their fertile hybrid. Proc. 2nd _{All India Cong. Cytol. and Genet. J.} Cytol. Genet. Suppl. 125.

Mair, G.C., A.G. Scott, J.A. Beardmore and D.O.F. Skibinski. 1987. A technique for induction of diploid

gynogenesis in Oreochromis niloticus by suppression of the first mitotic division, p. 289-299. In K. Tiews (ed.). Proc. EIFAC/FAO Symp. On Selection, Hybridization and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux,

France, 27-30 May 1986. Vol II. Heeneman, Berlin. 485 p.

Majumdar, K.C., K. Ravinder and K. Nasaruddin. 1997. DNA fingerprinting in Indian major carps and tilapia by Bkm2(8) and M13 probes. Aquaculture Res. 28:129- 138.

Manna, G.K. and R. Prasad. 1971. A study of somatic and germinal chromosomes of some fifteen species of freshwater fishes. Proc. 58th _{Indian Sci. Congr. 3:633.} Manna, G.K. and R. Prasad. 1977. Chromosome analysis in five species of freshwater fishes. Nucleus20(3): 271-277.

Manna, G.K. and A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh. 1977a.

Karyomorphology of cyprinid fishes and cytological evaluation of the family. The Nucleus 20(1&2):119- 127.

Manna, G.K. and A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh. 1977b. A. checklist of chromosome in cyprinid fishes. J.Zool.Res. 1(2): 34-43. McAndrew, B.J., K.J. Rana and D.J. Penman. 1993.

Conservation and preservation of genetic variation in aquatic organisms, p. 297-337. In J.F. Muir and R.J. Roberts (eds). Recent Advances in Aquaculture Vol. IV. Blackwell, Oxford. 340 p.

Mishra, A. and R.P. Raman, 1993. Genetic issues involved in fish seed production and management in India. Fishing Chimes 12(12):43-45.

Nagpure, N.S. 1997. Distribution of C-band

heterochromatin in Labeo rohita Ham. (Cyprinidae). Chromosome Science 1:45-46.

Nagpure, N.S. and A. Barat 1997. A simplified method of fish chromosome preparation by in vitro colchicine treatment. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 35:915-916.

Nagy, A., V. Csanyi, J. Bakos and M. Bercsenyi. 1984. Utilization of gynogenesis and sex reversal in commercial carp breeding. Growth of the first gynogenetic hybrids. Aquacultura Hung. (Szarvas) 4: 7-16.

Padhi, B.K. and A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh. 1989a. Malate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns during the development of five species of cyprinid fishes. Env. Ecol. 7(2):415-419.

Padhi, B.K. and A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh. 1989b. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern in developing stages of four species of Indian carps (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 12(2):59-61.

Padhi, B.K. and R.K. Mandal. 1995a. Genetic resource mapping and fisheries management. Curr. Sci. 68(5): 490-493.

Padhi, B.K. and R.K. Mandal. 1995b. Restriction site polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of Indian major carps. Curr. Sci. 68(9):965-967.

Padhi, B.K., S.K. Ghosh and R.K. Mandal. 1998. Characterization of Mbol satellites in Cirrhinus mrigala and Clarias batrachus (Pisces). Genome 41: 34-39.

Pandian,T.J, S. Kavumpurath, S. Mathavan and K. Dharmalingam. 1991. Microinjection of rat growth hormone gene into Zebrafish egg and production of transgenic Zebrafish. Curr. Sci. 60:596-600.

Ponniah, A.G. 1997. Conservation of carp genetic resources of India. Annex 1.3. In M.V. Gupta, M.M. Dey, R. Dunham and G. Bimbao (eds). Proc. Collaborative Research and Training on Genetic Improvement

52 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.3 | Carp Genetic Resources Of India ₅₃

of Carp Species in Asia, 26-29 July 1997, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India.

Rao, M.R.K., B.K. Padhi and A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh. 1989. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in fifty-two species of teleostean fishes: Taxonomic significance of Ldh-C gene expression. Biochem. System. Ecol. 17(1):69-76. Reddy, P.V.G.K. 1991. Comparative study of the

karyomorphology of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) and their F₁ hybrid. J. Aqua. 1:31-41.

Reddy, P.V.G.K. and M.S. Tantia. 1992. Recent

advancements in fish chromosome methodology. J. Aqua. 2:17-20.

Reddy, P.V.G.K. and G. John. 1986. A method to increase mitotic metaphase spreads and permanent chromosome preparations for karyotype studies in fishes. Aquacultura Hung. (Szarvas) 5:31-36. Reddy, P.V.G.K., H.A. Khan, S.D. Gupta, M.S. Tantia and G.V.

Kowtal. 1990a. On the ploidy of three intergeneric hybrids between common carp (Cyprinus carpio communis L.) and Indian major carp. Aquacultura Hung. (Szarvas) 6:5-11.

Reddy, P.V.G.K., G.V. Kowtal and M.S. Tantia. 1990b. Preliminary observations on induced polyploidy in Indian major carps, Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Catla catla (Ham.). Aquaculture 87:279-287.

Reddy, P.V.G.K., R.K. Jana and S.D. Tripathi. 1993. Induction of mitotic gynogenesis in rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.) through endomitosis. The Nucleus 36(3):106-109. Reddy, P.V.G.K., Bjarne Gjerde, K.D. Mahapatra, J.N. Saha,

R.K. Jana, S.D. Gupta and M. Rye, 1998a. Selective breeding and mating designs for selection in fishes with reference to rohu - Labeo rohita (Hamilton), p. 449-456. In Fish Genetics Biodiversity Conservation, Natcon Publ. 05.

Reddy, P.V.G.K., K.D. Mahapatra, J.N. Saha and R.K. Jana. 1998b. Effect of induced triploidy on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Var. Communis L.). J. Aqua. Trop. 13(1):65-72.

Rishi, K.K. and R.P. Mandhan. 1990. Analysis of C-banded heterochromatin in the chromosomes of L. rohita (Ham.) (Cyprinidae). Chrom. Inform. Serv. 48:3-4. Saha, J.N., R.K. Jana, P. Govindassamy and M. Sahu. 1998.

Preparation of wet-lab and nursery ponds for rearing spawn of full-sib groups to raise fry/fingerlings for selective breeding of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), p. 131-137. In P.C. Thomas. Proc. Natl. Sem. Current and Emerging Trends in Aquaculture and its Impact on Rural Development, 14-16 February 1995. Daya Publication House, Delhi, India.

Sarangi, N. and A.B. Mandal. 1996. Isozyme polymorphism in diploid and heat shock-induced tetraploid Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Curr. Sci. 71(3):227- 230.

Varghese, T.J. and K.K. Sukumaran. 1971. Notes on hypophysation of catla-rohu hybrid. Annual Day Souvenir, CIFE, Bombay:16-17.

Zhang, S.M. and P.V.G.K. Reddy. 1991. On the comparative karyomorphology of three Indian major carps, Catla catla (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.). Aquaculture 97:7-12.

54 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.4 | Carp Genetic Resources Of Indonesia ₅₅