Data for analyses are derived from population-based surveys at multiple points in time, routine monitoring systems, qualitative data, and economic cost data. Surveys are col- lected from the MV1 research villages. Qualitative process data and costing data are col- lected at the cluster-level (MV1 and MV2 as well). Here we describe survey data collection since baseline (2005). These survey methods will be mirrored within comparison villages at end-line (2015). For sample size calculations for the end-line survey, see Section 4.9.6. Economic costing data and qualitative process data are described in Sections 4.10 and 4.11, respectively.
4.7.1
Household surveys
Household selection: Within each MV1, a detailed household mapping was conducted at baseline (2005-2006), prior to the initiation of interventions. This process included a household and population census, Global Positioning System (GPS) readings, and house- hold wealth ranking. Following this process, proportional sampling was used to ran- domly select 300 geographic and wealth-stratified households within the MV1 to undergo detailed periodic assessments.
Consenting households are followed longitudinally over two assessment rounds (Year 3, Year 5, and Year 10). Before each survey, a census is conducted. In the event of refusals or household attrition, a replacement household, present at baseline and from a simi- lar baseline wealth strata, is chosen at random to maintain the sample size. In addition, households not present at baseline are added so that the fraction of new households in the sample equals the fraction of new households in the MV1 population at the time of the survey. This way, we can estimate progress towards the MDGs either among house- holds present at baseline, or among a changing group of households that are present in the village. We note that the age distribution of households present at baseline may be skewed towards older people, so the cross section at end-line may be more relevant. The Household Survey is administered to all household heads of sampled households (and/or other knowledgeable household member) capturing information on household demography, education, employment, malaria bed net usage, land ownership and use, agricultural and non-agricultural sources of income, assets, expenditure, consumption and access to basic services including water and sanitation, and energy, transport and communication.
In and Out Migration
At each survey round, the project does a census of MV1, and asks household (HH) heads whether each member from a previous round was:
• still living in HH, • deceased,
• moved to another HH within the village, • moved to another HH outside of the village, • left HH to go to school outside of the village,
• child born to HH Member while member living in HH, • moved into this HH from within the village, or
• moved into this HH from outside the village.
With the questions above, someone who leaves and returns at a later survey round would get counted twice, once in the out-migration and once in the in-migration. In the 2015 surveys, we propose to include questions to ask each surveyed individual if they have lived in either the cluster, or specifically MV1, since baseline. These questions combined with the above should allow us to compute statistics on in and out migration from the clusters, or more specifically, from the MV1 research sites.
For the impact and adequacy assessments, we propose to analyze those present since birth or baseline (whichever came first) separately from the cross-section of those present in 2015. This is likely more relevant that the separate analyses of houses present since baseline or not.
• % of people who left MV1 since 2005, • % who left the cluster since 2005,
• % of residents currently in the cluster who moved to the cluster since 2005, • % of residents of MV1 who moved to MV1 since 2005.
4.7.2
Adult surveys
Within each participating household, all household members age 15-49 are given the adult survey. Household members are defined as those who have lived in the household for at least 3 of the past 12 months, and who ‘normally eat from the same pot.’ Addition- ally, the main provider for the household and newlyweds are given the adult survey as well, if they are age 15-49.
The survey examines health-related MDGs, nutrition and food security, and health seek- ing behavior.
4.7.3
Reproduction and pregnancy surveys
Birth histories are collected for all women in MV1 in each survey round, in order to esti- mate under five and infant mortality .
4.7.4
Biological and Anthropometric data
Biological testing: Tests for malaria (thick and thin smears) and anemia using a HemoCue point-of-care device (HemoCue Worldwide, 2014) is conducted among all chil- dren under 5 years of age, within sampled households.
Anthropometric data: Weight, height and mid-upper arm circumference is assessed us- ing standard protocols among all children under 5 years of age, within sampled house-
holds.
Quantitative data collection and management
Enumerators have been hired and trained prior to previous survey rounds. For the final evaluation, two weeks of refresher training will be conducted. Surveys will be adminis- tered after an informed consent process and will be administered verbally. All question- naires will be checked for quality three times post-enumeration and sent back to the field as needed. Random household visits will be undertaken by field supervisors to ensure quality control.
Data entry uses a template developed in CSPro (US Census Bureau, 2013) containing a se- ries of pre-programmed range, skip, and logic checks to minimize errors in data capture. Double data entry will be undertaken for key indicators to reduce errors in data capture. Data cleaning will be conducted concurrent to data entry, using CSPros batch edit func- tionality that allows an additional series of data checks to be performed. Basic tabulation of MDG indicators will take place using CSPro, with data exported to Stata (StataCorp, 2011) employed for more complex analyses.