Yanicet Ortega 14 Física de Materiales
2.3. Propiedades de los vidrios. Aplicaciones de los vidrios
Activity one: Lifecycle of schistosomiasis (30 minutes)
1. Using the flashcards to show the children, the teacher describes the lifecycle of schistosomiasis. There are some difficult words but children of this age will enjoy learning the words, how to spell them, and the order they come in!
2. After explaining the lifecycle a few times give out the flashcards to the children. Ask the children to arrange themselves in the correct order with ideas from the whole class. Repeat this until you are confident that most children understand the lifecycle.
3. Ask the children who are very confident that they know the words and the lifecycle to put up their hands. Pair these children with those who do not feel so confident (or put them into small groups of three). Together the pairs draw and write a diagram of the lifecycle in their notebooks.
Activity two: Preventing repeated schistosomiasis infections (20 minutes)
1. Show the children a picture, such as the one above, that illustrates several reasons why there are repeated infections of schistosomiasis in the community. Make sure the numbered call-out boxes are blank.
2. Ask the children to examine the picture and to describe what the problems are.
3. Ask children in pairs, or small groups of three or four, to write one reason for each call-out box on a small slip of paper, where each reason corresponds with the number on the call out box.
4. In the whole group, ask children to about their answers and select one to stick into (or write into) the call out box.
5. If treatment is available from the school or at a health clinic, at the end of the activity tell the children about the treatment for schistosomiasis. Encourage them to tell their families about the lifecycle and the reasons why there are repeated infections in the community.
Concluding activity (10 minutes)
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Lesson 7: Coughs, Colds, and Pneumonia
Everyone gets coughs and colds. Young children get more coughs and colds than older children (between three and eight colds every year), because their immune systems are still developing. Most coughs and colds get better without special medicine, but sometimes colds turn into pneumonia. Millions of children die of pneumonia every year. The clearest signs of pneumonia, which everyone can learn to recognize, are rapid breathing and chest in-drawing. Pneumonia requires immediate treatment with medicine given by a doctor or health worker. Breastfeeding or nutritious food (depending on the age of the child), a smoke- free home, and immunization against whooping cough can all help prevent pneumonia.
Coughs, colds, and pneumonia are all infections of the respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is the part of the body that air enters when we breathe. The air enters through the nose and the throat and then it goes through the windpipe to the lungs.
Viruses and bacteria cause coughs and colds. Viruses cause colds, and the infection is in the nose and the throat. The signs of a viral infection are: a runny nose, a blocked nose, a cough, and sometimes, a sore throat. Medicines cannot make a viral infection better. The best way to treat a cold is by keeping warm (not hot), by drinking fluids (like soup and juice), resting, and by keeping the air clean and smoke-free. You can prevent spreading a cold to others by sneezing or coughing into your hand (which then must be washed with soap), your arm, or a handkerchief to minimize the spread of the virus. It can be soothing to breathe in water vapor (steam) from a bowl of hot water. Breathing tobacco smoke and cooking smoke while you have a cold may cause a cold to turn into pneumonia.
Pneumonia is a very serious illness, which is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Antibiotic medicine can cure pneumonia and helps save lives. Babies are more likely to get pneumonia than older children. Children who are breastfed for at least six months, and then breastfed with complimentary foods, and young children who are well-fed are less likely to get pneumonia. Measles and whooping cough, both of which can be prevented by immunization, can cause pneumonia. Hib vaccine is available in many countries & PCV is becoming increasingly available. These vaccines can prevent two of the most common types of bacterial pneumonia (due to Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcus).
The clearest signs of pneumonia are coughing or difficulty breathing, combined with quick breathing. A baby between 2 and 11 months old with pneumonia takes 50 or more breaths per minute (sometimes up to 70 or 80). If a caregiver counts 50 or more breaths a minute, it is a sign that a 2 to 11 month old infant may have pneumonia. A health worker should assess the child as soon as possible. Similarly, an infant under 2 months old who takes 60 or more breaths per minute should also be taken to a health worker as soon as possible. For children between 2 and 5 years old, rapid breathing needs attention when there are 40 or more breaths per minute. In addition to rapid breathing, caregivers should also note the following warning signs: the child is gasping for air; the lower part of the child’s chest is drawing in when the child breathes; when the child will not drink or breastfeed; when a child’s cough has gone on for more than two weeks; or when a child vomits frequently.
Schools, teachers, and children play several roles with coughs, colds, and pneumonia.