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Table 1. Cultivation and production of medicinal plants in Korea (Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Korea)

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 1997 2000 Area Planted (ha)* 3966 (100) 4010 (101) 9179 (231) 13 741 (346) 13 600 (342) 9936 (250) Production (tonnes)* 8380 (100) 12 616 (150) 22 822 (272) 42 769 (510) 39 492 (471) 30 141 (359) *Figures in parentheses are percentages as compared with 1980 value

Areas dedicated to medicinal plants and its production in Korea has been increasing significantly. In 1980, only 3966 ha were planted with a total production of 8380 tonnes (Table 1). These figures peaked in 1995 when total area planted reached 13 741 ha while production exceeded 42 769 tonnes. Towards the year 2000, areas planted and production dropped to 9936 ha and 30 141 tonnes, respectively.

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Table 2. Comparison of area planted and production of medicinal plants among provinces in Korea, 1995 - 2000

Area Planted (ha) Production (tonnes) Provinces 1995 2000 1995 2000 Kyungki 1225 832 3245 1427 Kangwon 3196 2483 7594 5105 Chungbuk 980 677 1762 1782 Chungnam 975 754 3268 2995 Kyungbuk 3890 2626 12 390 8109 Kyungnam 713 582 1500 2018 Chonbuk 1619 598 4896 1531 Chonnam 2170 758 6480 2056 Cheju 110 581 569 5022 Total 13741 9936 42 769 30 141

Table 2 shows that the areas cultivated with medicinal plants, as well as its production levels, from 1995 to 2000 generally decreased in most provinces. Kyungbuk Province had the biggest area planted to medicinal plants at 3890 ha in 1995. This, however, decreased to 2626 ha in 2000. Cheju Province, on the other hand, demonstrated how a slight increase in land use can produce more. With an increased land area of 471 ha (from 110 ha in 1995 to 581 ha in 2000) planted to medicinal plants, the province was able to produce 4453 tonnes more of medicinal plants. It was the third highest producer among the provinces in 2000.

Table 3. Major medicinal plants planted in 1995 and 2000 in Korea

Medicinal Plants Area Planted (ha)

Scientific name Common name Local name 1995 2000

Angelica gigas Nakai Chinese angelica root ‘Dangui’ 2344 1106 Astragalus membranaceus

Bunge

Membranous milk vetch root

‘Hwanggi’

1620 945

Paeonia lactiflora Pall Paeonia ‘Zakyak’ 998 390

Cnidium officinale Makino Ligustici rhizoma ‘Chongung’ 885 179 Rehmannia glutinosa

Liboschitz

Chinese foxglove root ‘Jihwang’

143 83

Schizandra chinensis Ballon Baill ‘Omija’ 393 238

Lycium chinese Mill Barbary wolf, Berry fruit ‘Kugija’ 557 271

Table 3 above presents a list of major medicinal plants planted from 1995 to 2000. Chinese angelica root was the most widely planted, from 2344 ha in 1995 to 1106 ha in 2000. The area planted to membranous milk vetch root was 1620 ha in 1995 but fell to 945 ha in 2000. Paeonia, which was planted over 998 ha in 1995, dropped to 390 ha in 2000. The production area for Ligustici rhizoma significantly dropped to 80% in 2000. Areas planted with Chinese foxglove root, baill and barbary wolf (or berry fruit) also declined significantly.

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Table 4. Domestic production, import, export and consumption of medicinal plant materials in Korea (in tonnes)

Parameter 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Domestic production 42 769 41 268 30 474 29 504 30 141

Imports (from China) 69 362 55 472 28 358 46 133 44 042

Exports 972 858 208 117 98

Demand (consumption) 111 159 95 882 58 651 75 520 74 085

Self-sufficiency (%) 38 43 51 39 40

Generally, domestic production and importation (from China) of medicinal plant materials showed a decreasing trend. Domestic production was lowest at 29504 tonnes in 1999, but increased to 30 141 tonnes in 2000. Imports dropped to its lowest in 1998 at 28358 tonnes, but gradually increased to 44 042 tonnes in 2000. Exports, however, continued to fall during the four-year period. Demand, in tandem with domestic production and imports, depicted a downturn but rising towards the year 2000. The rate of self-sufficiency peaked in 1998 at 51%.

Table 5. Uses of major medicinal plants imported from China in 1999 and 2000 (in tonnes) 1999 2000 Crop _Medical Supply Food Article Medical Supply Food Article

Angelica gigas Nakai 0 30 0 113

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge 0 616 0 1550

Paeonia albitiflora var. 0 190 0 584

Atractylodes ovata var. Koreanum 565 420 447 1029

Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz 579 30 1201 832

Schizandra chinensis Ballon 79 338 122 188

Lycium chinese Mill 40 449 59 431

Major medicinal plants imported from China in 1999 and 2000 were concentrated more on food articles than medical supplies (Table 5). Angelica gigas Nakai, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and Paeonia albitiflora var. were not registered as medical supplies. The most prioritized crop was Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, which increased two-fold to 1550 t in 2000. The most prominent crop for medical supply was Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz.

Table 6. Development and manufacturing of medicinal plant products in Korea

Crop/material Food type and use

Chinese angelica root An extract, granule, pill

Chinese foxglove root Raw material of food, Traditional Korean tea (substitute for coffee)

Chicory Functional beverage

Mulberry upper leaves Extract tea

Pine needles Functional beverage

Buckwheat Functional beverage and food

Black soybean Functional beverage, processing food Capillary artemisia Functional healthy beverage and pill Cirsium japonicum Manufactured powdered goods Acanthopanax sp. Medicinal plant wine

Sessiliflorus sp. Medical material

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Table 6 depicts the food type and use of selected medicinal crops. Extract of Chinese angelica root, for example, is prepared as granules or pills; Chinese foxglove root is used as tea, a substitute for coffee. Another tea extract is from upper mulberry leaves. Functional beverages, foods and pills are made from Chicory, pine needles, buckwheat, black soybean and Capillary artemisia. Cirsium japonicum and Glycyrrhiza uralensis make up goods manufactured in powder form. A medicinal plant wine is distilled from Acanthopanax sp. Other medical material source is from Sessiliflorus sp.

Table 7. Cultivation and production of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in Korea

Classification 1990 1995 (A) 2001 (B) B/A(%)

No. of farmhouses 36 404 23 172 19 310 83.3

Area planted (ha) 12 184 9 375 13 018 138.9

Production (tonnes) 13 887 11 971 13 215 110.4

Average cultivated area (ha)

(Area planted/no. of farmhouses)0.335 0.405 0.674 166.4

Yield (t/ha) 1.140 1.277 1.015 79.4

Production of ginseng in Korea indicated increases in tandem with the increase in cultivated area (Table 7). However, the number of farmhouses for ginseng production declined from 36 404 in 1990 to 19 310 in 2001. The area planted to ginseng increased by 13% during the same period, but yield declined from 1.277 t/ha in 1995 to 1.015 t/ha in 2001.

Table 8. Exports of ginseng products from Korea (in million US$)

Export articles 1990 1995 (A) 2001 (B) Difference (B-A) Root 87.6 71.3 36.6 -34.7 Manufactured goods 68.6 61.8 32.8 -29.0 Others 9.0 6.8 5.4 -1.4 Total 165.2 139.9 74.8 -65.1

Actual exports of ginseng from Korea showed a declining trend, with an actual difference of negative US$ 65.1 million between 1995 and 2001 (Table 8). The steady decline of root, manufactured goods, and other export articles are evident, with deficits of US$ 34.7 million, US$ 29.0 million and US$ 1.4 million, respectively.

Table 9. New varieties of species Carthamus tinctorius developed since 1999

Name of species Year developed Name of variety Yield (t/ha) Main characteristics 1999 Chongsu honghwa 1.8 Resistant to lodging 2000 Euisan honghwa 2.2 Small grain but high

yielding Carthamus

tinctorius

2000 Jinseon honghwa 2.4 Early maturing and disease resistant

New varieties of Carthamus tinctorius have been developed since 1999 (Table 9). Chongsu honghwa, first bred in 1999, resists lodging and yields 1.8 t/ha. Euisan hongwha, developed in 2000, is known for its small grain but high yield, producing

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2.2 t/ha. Jinseon honghwa was also developed in 2000. It is early maturing, disease- resistant and yields an average of 2.4 t/ha.

Table 10. Development of new varieties of Astragalus membranaceus B. and Rehmanniaglutinosa (Gaertn.)

Medicinal crop

Year

developed Name of variety

Yield

(t/ha) Main characteristics Astragalus

membranaceus B. 1999

Poongseong

hwanggi 2.4

high quality, resistant to lodging

1995 Jihwang 1 23.0 light green leaf, high yielding Rehmannia glutinosa

(Gaertn.) Steud.

1999 Korea jihwang 9.1 good plant type, resistant to diseases

The varietal development of Astragalus membranaceus B. and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Steud. started in 1995 which resulted to three improved cultivars, namely: Poongseong hwanggi, a high-quality variety which is resistant to lodging and with average yield of 2.4 t/ha; Jihwang 1, with light green leaves, high-yielding (23 t/ha); and Korea jihwang, a good plant type with high disease resistance and a yield of 9.1 t/ha.

Table 11. Development of new varieties of Lycium chinese Mill (fruit of boxthorn) in Korea Medicinal crop Year developed Name of variety Yield

(t/ha) Main characteristics 1997 Cheongyang

kugija 2.9

Pest resistant, high saponin content and high yielding

2000 Bulro kugija 2.4 Early maturing, large fruit, good branch type

Lycium chinese Mill

2000 Cheongdae

kugija 2.2 Late maturing but disease resistant

In 1997, Lycium chinese Mill or the fruit of boxthorn was improved for better yield, insect-resistance and saponin content (Table 11). The improved varieties include Cheongyang kugija and Bulro kugi-a, with yields of 2.9 and 2.4 t/ha, respectively. Bulro kugija bears large fruits and matures early with good branch type. Another variety, Cheongdae kugija, developed in 2000 recorded an average yield of 2.2 t/ha. It is also disease-resistant but is late maturing.

Table 12. Development of new varieties of Paeonia albitiflora var. Medicinal crop Year developed Name of variety Yield

(t/ha) Main characteristics Euiseong

zakyak 17.3

Resistant to disease, high yielding, multiple uses (medical and horticultural) 1993

Taebak

zakyak 13.4 High quality, two-fold flower 1997 Sagok

zakyak 14.0 Early maturing Paeonia

albitiflora Var.

2000 Geopoong

zakyak 15.0

Many curative properties, disease- resistant

Paeonia albitiflora var Euiseong zakyak and Taebak zakyak were developed in 1993 (Table 12). The first variety yielded 17.3 t/ha, and the latter, 13.4 t/ha. Euiseong

MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH IN ASIA, VOLUME 1 118

zakyak is high-yielding, disease-resistant, and has multiple uses. Taebak-Zakyak is a high quality variety with two-fold flowers. Sagok zakyak variety was developed in 1997 and is early maturing. In 2000, Geopoong zakyak was released with yield performance of 15 t/ha. It is disease-resistant and has many curative values.

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