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Self-repetition describes when a speaker uses the same words or phrases. Possible reasons for repetition may be due to the transfer of first language rhetorical styles or to represent speakers’ intentions to stress their meaning or to make the meaning easily understood. Self-repetition has been categorised here as one of the lexicogrammatical features of Chinese ELF speakers due to the transfer of stylistic feature from Chinese. However, it could also be considered a communicative strategy as it often operates pragmatically to help make meanings clear. There are 21 examples in total identified in this study, including 15 examples from Chinese ELF users.

In Example (88), S1, a Chinese female is talking about the DPRK and international relations with another Chinese and a Korean. She uses self-repetition twice in this short commentary. First, in the sentence on the one hand it is doing the rocket launch it is doing

the nuclear test, it is doing is repeated. Another sentence with repetition is on the other hand it is also talking about developing its own economy it is also talking about if possible building trust with other countries. The repetition it is also talking about emphasizes a

positive aspect of the DPRK’s behaviour in contrast to the rocket launch and nuclear test.

Also is used twice in this sentence even though the first use is unnecessary (it is also talking about developing its own economy) as there is no earlier action. The repeated use

with the use of on the one hand and on the other hand make the meaning clear.

(88) S1: <2> but </2> that is only <3> fair </3> i mean you see the two countries

are all playing very similar cards for <spel> d p r k </spel> for example mister yang on the one hand it is doing the rocket launch it is doing the nuclear test despite S3: <3> <sniffs> </3> mhm

S1: oppositions from international community to make sure (.) at least the <spel> d p r k </spel> analyses like that they say to make sure that the country will be strategically safe to deter any attack from <4> others </4> on the other hand it is

also talking about developing its own <5> economy </5>

S3: <4> <sniffs> </4> <5> <sniffs> </5>

S1: it is also talking about if possible building trust with other countries however they would argue other countries are not building trust with <spel> d p r k </spel>=

In example (89), S3, a Chinese male, repeats the word rising. The word rising is used as a noun (in rising), an adjective (rising China) and a verb (are rising). The expression in rising, coined by the speaker seems an ellipsis of in the process of rising up and its repeated use stresses this. The five repetitions of “rising” (not including the first one in the unfinished sentence) also look like a transfer from Chinese as, while the frequent repetition of a word is considered stylistically dull in English, this use of repetition is acceptable and common in Chinese (M. Xu, 2009).

(89) S3: south korea er has successfully built up or strengthened the allied relation

with united states and with the rising by the way er: china is in rising? and south south korea is in rising? <1> actually </1> rising china is a part of rising asia so many countries in this region are rising

Self-repetition can also be seen in the following two examples, with a repeated structure they can in example (90) and come do it in example (91).

(90) S3: yeah (.) you get better in what you do in this industry like you know they can

start to design their own <spel> c d </spel> they can you know produce they can write they can package they can market themselves

(91) S3: but they are like we'll get other people to write you music we'll get other

people to you know come produce it come write it come make it

Repetition is also seen in example (92). Here, a Japanese speaker, who is the director of an international energy agency, is answering a question about the needs of energy in the future. In this long answer, two sets of self-repetitions were identified: one is we need

more … and the other is … is necessary. In the sentence we need more gas we need more coal or we need more renewable energy, the rising tone, marked as question mark ‘?’, is

used at the end of the first two sentences. The rising tone does not signal a question here, as he stated clearly that it was the conclusion. In fact, the rising tone serves as a connection signal indicating that the speaker will continue to list different kinds of energy. In the second self-repetition, the speaker also lists the amount of different kinds of energy needed in the future and repeats the phrase is necessary.

(92) S2: …but (.) if this slide leads us to the conclusion that we need more (.) gas?

we need more coal? (.) or we need more renewable energy (.) and er: (.).coal

exportation? one more australia is necessary (1) gas? we need one more qatar (.) production is necessary hh and for the renewable we need five times more of the wind or solar power in germany is necessary (1)…