Propuestas de migración

Recommendations based on the research findings are summarized in the following Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano. Tables 5.7 a-e summarize findings of existing conditions in Delano, policy or design guideline recommendations related to the findings, and the rationale from literature behind these guidelines and recommendations. The Quick Guide tables are intended to visually present this study, and directly relate the major components. Each row in the tables connects the findings to the rationale behind each recommendation proposed in this document.

Recommendations in the Design Guideline tables (Tables 5.7 d and e) provide the basis for the attached Healthy Delano Design Guidelines (Appendix B).

Table 5.7 a. Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

Table 5.7 b. Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

Table 5.7 c. Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

Table 5.7 d. Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

Table 5.7 e. Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

References

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Ross C. Brownson.

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701-704.

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American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), p. 509–514.

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Frank, L. D., Engelke, P.O. (2001). The Built Environment and Human Activity Patterns: Exploring the Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health. Journal of Planning Literature, 16(2), p. 201-218.

Frank, L. D., Engelke, P.O., Schmid, T. L. (2003). Health and Community Design: The impact of the built environment on physical activity. Washington DC: Island Press.

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Trafficcalming.org. Textured Pavements... (cobblestone, brick pavement, stamped pavement).

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Appendix A

Baseline Community Health Assessment

Appendix B

Healthy Delano Design Guidelines:

A guide to health-oriented planning

A guide to health-oriented planning

delAno d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s

H e a l t H y

Prepared as part of a Masters Thesis for the California Polytechnic State University Department of City and Regional Planning.

October 2010

Table of Contents

ChApter 1: IntroduCtIon 5

How to Use This Guide 5

A Quick Guide to a Healthy Delano 6

ChApter 2: trAnsportAtIon & CIrCulAtIon strAtegIes 9

Existing Conditions in Delano 9

Summary of Related Literature 10

2.1 street design standards 12

2.2 low Impact development recommendations 20

2.3 Traffic Calming Strategies 23

ChApter 3: lAnd use strAtegIes 27

Existing Conditions in Delano 27

Summary of Related Literature 27

3.1 parks 29

3.2 plazas 32

ChApter 4: BuIldIng desIgn strAtegIes 35

Existing Conditions in Delano 35

Summary of Related Literature 35

4.1 Building design standards 38

AppendIx 47

how to use thIs guIde

Following this introduction is A Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano (Tables 1a-c), which lists all of the recommendations for the City related to urban design, as well as the findings and literature support that led to the creation of each guideline.

Guidelines and recommendations in this document are organized into three sections: Transportation and Circulation Strategies, Land Use Strategies, and Building Design Strategies.

Each section begins with a summary of existing conditions in Delano related to the section’s guidelines. Following the summary of existing conditions is a summary of related literature, which was used to develop the urban design recommendations. Recommended design guidelines follow the literature summary. At the top of each guideline page is a box identifying the design guideline recommendation number and the actual recommendation from the Quick Guide tables.

Additional information that might be required for understanding the details of each urban design recommendation are in the Appendix.

Rates of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease have reached epidemic proportions in the United States, and these diseases can be largely attributed to personal habits, including diet and physical inactivity. Recent research links these diseases to urban design. According to literature, urban form can greatly influence human behavior, which in turn directly impacts public health. Urban features like building design, streetscapes, and park design can all work together to create an environment that is conducive to physical activity and a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of this document is to address the relationship between public health and urban form through a series of urban design guidelines. The guidelines recommended in this document are based on findings from an extensive review of literature, and findings from an assessment of the project site, including health statistics and urban conditions.

Chapter 1

Introduction

urBAn desIgn reCommendAtIons

Table 1a. A Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

urBAn desIgn reCommendAtIons

Table 1b. A Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

urBAn desIgn reCommendAtIons

Table 1c. A Quick Guide for a Healthy Delano

Chapter 2

Transportation &

Circulation Strategies

A City’s circulation system can play a major role in a population’s overall health. Circulation systems impact how frequently people walk, and how many cars are on the road. Well-designed circulation systems can increase levels of physical activity, reduce air pollution and reduce rates of traffic accidents.

exIstIng CondItIons In delAno Obesity

A major health problem afflicting a large portion of Delano residents is obesity. Obesity is associated with other serious health issues including diabetes and coronary heart disease. Delano’s has high rates of obesity and coronary heart disease are conditions that can be alleviated through moderate levels of daily physical activity.

Circulation System

The City’s circulation system does little to encourage physical activity, and consists of minimal bicycle lanes and pedestrian friendly streets. Bike linkages in the City are limited, and few streets cater to the pedestrian.

Figure 2.1 illustrates existing bike lanes in Delano’s street network. All existing bike lanes in the City are Class II Bike Lanes, located on the street and delineated by a striped lane.

Figure 2.1 Existing Bike Lanes and Street Types, Delano, 2009 Existing Bike Lanes in Delano

----Design efforts of streetscapes can decrease the amount of time it takes to travel by foot or bicycle to certain destinations while keeping the time to travel to the same destination by car constant. Such design techniques can make travel by foot or bicycle the easiest, most efficient choice for a community’s residents. According to the Active Living Research program (2008), the presence of bicycle paths and bicycle lanes is positively related to adults meeting recommended daily amounts of physical activity, and cities that invest in bicycle facilities generally exhibit higher levels of bicycle ridership (ALR, 2009).

Traffic Calming

Studies show traffic calming measures can reduce the risk of crashes involving pedestrians. Traffic calming measures have been associated with 11 percent to 15 percent lower rates of automobile crashes with

Delano Strategic Plan

The Delano Strategic Plan proposes a series of nodes to serve as activity hubs for the City, with neighborhood-commercial uses surrounded by progressively less dense residential uses for all but one node. The node located in the downtown core is intended to be mixed-use. The Delano Strategic Plan proposes these nodes be connected by improved public transit, as well as a network of pedestrian and bicycle friendly streets. Figure 2.2 illustrates proposed nodes in the Delano Strategic Plan. Design guidelines for improved pedestrian and bicycle circulation are focused on these proposed nodes and routes, and can be found in Section 2.1.

Safety

Pedestrian, bicyclist and vehicle passenger safety is also an issue in Delano. In 2007 Delano had the third highest number of traffic accidents per capita in Kern County (U.S. Census, 2000). These issues are addressed in the design guidelines for traffic calming measures in Section 2.3.

Low Impact Development

Low Impact Development (LID) methods are being used more and more in streetscape design as a means for enhancing visual quality while improving the environment.

Currently Delano does not incorporate methods of LID in the City’s circulation system and streetscapes. Low Impact Development recommendations are in Section 2.2.

summAry oF relAted lIterAture Streetscapes

Many studies link the use of alternative modes of transportation, including walking and biking, to reduced levels of obesity. One such study found each additional hour an individual spent in a car per day was linked to a six percent increase in the likelihood of being obese, while each additional kilometer an individual walked per day was associated with a 4.8 percent reduction in the likelihood of being obese (Frank, et al., 2006, p.

75).

Figure 2.2 Proposed routes in the Delano Strategic Plan, 2009 Proposed Nodes and Routes, Delano Strategic Plan

injuries (ALR, 2009). According to research, pedestrian injuries increase as the number of lanes increases, and a “reduction in the number of lanes can reduce crossing distances, thus reducing exposure of a pedestrian to vehicle interaction” (PEQI, 2008, p.4). Decreasing the number of lanes can make streets better places for social interaction by slowing traffic and increasing feelings of safety (PEQI, 2008, p.40).

Traffic calming measures, streetscapes and street design can improve the pedestrian environment, encouraging walking and the use of alternative modes of transportation, potentially having a positive effect on physical activity rates and overall health.

Low Impact Development

Low Impact Development (LID) is a design strategy that aims to restore the stormwater system of a site to how it operated before development. LID manages stormwater storage, infiltration and groundwater recharge through micro-scale retention areas and detention areas called bioswales or rain gardens, and increased permeable surfaces (Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, p.1). LID also addresses environmental protection through preservation of sensitive site features including wetlands, steep slopes, riparian buffers, valuable trees, flood plains, woodlands and highly permeable soils (EPA, 2000, p.1).

LID methods improve environmental quality by removing pollutants from stormwater as it returns to the water table. LID methods also reduce stormwater runoff volumes, help preserve the natural environment, can add significant aesthetic value to urban areas, and are often less costly than traditional methods of stormwater management.

Because LID principles often enhance the aesthetics of

an area, they are ideal for Delano’s street network. If

used properly, these methods can greatly improve the

pedestrian experience along the City’s streets, which

may in turn inspire residents to walk more and drive

less.

Guidelines addressing the design of proposed pedestrian and bicycle connections focus on widths of bike lanes, traffic lanes and sidewalks, as well as vegetation, lighting and elements of Low Impact Development (LID). Suggestions aim to create “green streets” by using design elements to enhance feelings of safety for pedestrians and bicyclists, and make the experience of using non-motorized transportation easier and more enjoyable.

The proposed street improvements are designed to have minimal environmental impact and LID elements are included with the intention of actually improving environmental quality along Delano’s streets. Design guidelines are organized by right-of-way (ROW) widths. In Delano right-of-ways tend to be either 80 feet, 60 feet, 40 feet or 20 feet alleyways. These right-of-ways have been divided into categories and specific design suggestions are applied to each street type. Categories of street types include:

• 80 ft ROW

• 80 ft ROW with a median

• 80 ft ROW with public transit routes

• 80 ft ROW green pedestrian connections

• 60 ft ROW residential streets

• 40 ft ROW green pedestrian connections

• 20 ft ROW downtown alleyways

• 20 ft ROW residential alleyways

Section view drawings illustrate dimensions of traffic lanes, bike lanes and sidewalks, as well as planter widths and whether or not the street type includes on-street parking and vegetation. Additional details for street design guidelines can be found in Appendix A, which includes illustrations to clarify certain terms and definitions, and Appendix B, which provides detailed written descriptions of the various ROW standards.

dg.1 dg.3 dg.5

section 2.1

street design standards

right-of-way

Curbs and sidewalks must comply with ADA regulations

Where appropriate, use textured pavements, including permeable pavers and porous asphalt (refer to section 2.2) Refer to traffic calming measures (section 2.3) for ideal pedestrian crossing types and intersection designs

Lighting and street trees should be appropriately spaced to avoid tree overgrowth blocking light

DG.1 develop safe, convenient pedestrian and bicycle routes that connect residents to everyday

conveniences like shopping, commercial cores, employment districts and schools, as well as places for residents to exercise, such as parks.

DG.5 Create street design standards to improve pedestrian and bicycle safety. Incorporate traffic

calming measures and elements of low impact development. Design standards can be applied to new

projects and redevelopment or improvement of existing sites.

right-of-way

Curbs and sidewalks must comply with ADA regulations

Where appropriate, use textured pavements, including permeable pavers and porous asphalt (refer to section 2.2) Refer to traffic calming measures (section 2.3) for ideal pedestrian crossing types and intersection designs

Lighting and street trees should be appropriately spaced to avoid tree overgrowth blocking light

DG.1 develop safe, convenient pedestrian and bicycle routes that connect residents to everyday

conveniences like shopping, commercial cores, employment districts and schools, as well as places for residents to exercise, such as parks.

DG.5 Create street design standards to improve pedestrian and bicycle safety. Incorporate traffic

calming measures and elements of low impact development. Design standards can be applied to new

projects and redevelopment or improvement of existing sites.

Street Design Standards

Curbs and sidewalks must comply with ADA regulations

Where appropriate, use textured pavements, including permeable pavers and porous asphalt (refer to section 2.2) Refer to traffic calming measures (section 2.3) for ideal pedestrian crossing types and intersection designs

Lighting and street trees should be appropriately spaced to avoid tree overgrowth blocking light

DG.1 develop safe, convenient pedestrian and bicycle routes that connect residents to everyday

conveniences like shopping, commercial cores, employment districts and schools, as well as places for residents to exercise, such as parks.

DG.5 Create street design standards to improve pedestrian and bicycle safety. Incorporate traffic

calming measures and elements of low impact development. Design standards can be applied to new

projects and redevelopment or improvement of existing sites.

80 Ft. Right-of-Way Green Pedestrian Connections

Street Design Standards

Curbs and sidewalks must comply with ADA regulations

Where appropriate, use textured pavements, including permeable pavers and porous asphalt (refer to section 2.2) Refer to traffic calming measures (section 2.3) for ideal

Where appropriate, use textured pavements, including permeable pavers and porous asphalt (refer to section 2.2) Refer to traffic calming measures (section 2.3) for ideal

In document Estrategia de Migracion a Software Libre en el Polo Productivo Soluciones Informaticas para la Industria Petrolera (página 56-67)