Sujeto 1 Relación entre
8. Propuestas para futuras investigaciones
Of all the folkies covered in this dissertation, Lomax was probably the closest we get to a scholar. He studied philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of Texas,
his favourite thinkers being Plato and Hegel, and he did pursue graduate work in anthropology at Columbia University, though he would not finish a degree (Szwed, 2010). For their part, the Almanac Singers did have an academic come to their house for weekly lessons on dialectical materialism, but it remains uncertain what and how much they read (see Cunningham & Friesen, 1999). It is safe to say that the concept of “species-being” is not explicitly referenced in many of the folksongs I have heard.66 Although the folk revivalists were not primarily philosophers or historians or political economists, however, they put their ideas into motion by building, doing, and singing. And by looking at the post-humanist tendencies and medium-specific tactics of the American folk revival, which this dissertation has tried to do, we also see a fascinating articulation of young Marx’s species-being, in spirit if not in letter.
We can turn back to Pete Seeger for a terse crystallization of this disposition. Seeger liked to quote “Big” Bill Broonzy’s famous saying: “All songs is folk songs: I ain’t never heard a horse sing one.” “Folk” has no inner essence here, as it merely the open process by which people come together and sing. The folk might sing (or make) anything, and they might do it in collaboration with any number of other machinic organisms. Via Broonzy, Seeger nods to the infinite and immanent potentiality of “the folk.” Elsewhere in his writings, however, we are often reminded that, though all songs can be folk songs, it is possible for people to stop singing altogether, or to have this capacity captured. As young Marx approached labour, so Seeger sees in our faculty for
66 I thank Nick Dyer-Witheford for drawing my attention to the experimental rock band Species Being,
sharing songs the condition of our species in a nutshell (the condition whereby we make our own condition), which can be diverted or atrophied.
In Lomax’s work with technology, too, we see a hybrid folk in process. The authentic locus of folksinging was both out in the field and inside the apparatus—the object of Lomax’s anthropological quests was bound up with the very tools he was supposed to have been mastering. The Global Jukebox he built in the late eighties and early nineties was a particularly dialectic crystallization of his folk-becoming. The
archive would make accessible the totality of his and others’ recordings amassed over the twentieth century. Yet this was not a stable archive, a mere copy of the folk. Users would be able to upload and to contribute to the database: folklore-in-motion.
In the folkies’ persistent if fragmentary conceptualizations of media-machines, and in their simultaneous insistence on the concepts of both utopia and authenticity, we see perhaps one response to Martin Heidegger’s (1977) suggestion that a renewal of our relationship to technology would offer a “saving power.” At its best, tactical media and media theory more broadly has also managed this tripartite negotiation between
authenticity, utopia, and media. The Invisible Committee, for instance, recently encouraged would-be revolutionaries to “attach yourself to what you feel to be true. Begin there” (2009, p. 97). Yet, it has taken tactical media theorists almost a decade of disembodied cyber-rhetoric to return to the body and to time, when all along there was an archive of American folk revivalism at their fingertips, some of it surprisingly well suited for twenty-first century battles and wars alike.
References
Abrams, M. H. (1953). The mirror and the lamp: Romantic theory and the critical tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Adorno, T. W. (1973). The jargon of authenticity (Knut Tarnowski & Frederic Will, Trans.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Adorno, T. W. (1984). Aesthetic theory (C. Lenhardt, Trans.). London: Routledge. Ashby, W. Ross. (1963). An introduction to cybernetics. New York, NY: Science
Editions, John Wiley & Sons.
Althusser, Louis. (1971). Lenin and philosophy, and other essays (Ben Brewster, Trans.). London: New Left Books.
Althusser, Louis. (2003). On Feuerbach. In F. Matheron (Ed.), The humanist controversy and other writings (pp. 85-154). New York: Verso.
Altman, Rick (Ed.). (1992). Sound theory, sound practice. New York: Routledge.
Anderson, Benedict. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London, UK: Verso Editions and NLB.
Attali, Jacques. (1985). Noise: The political economy of music. (Brian Massumi, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Auslander, Philip. (1999). Liveness: Performance in a mediatized culture. New York: Routledge.
Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Averill, Gage. (2003). Cantometrics and cultural equity: The academic years:
Introduction. In A. Lomax, Alan Lomax: Selected writings, 1934-1997 (pp. 233- 247). New York, NY: Routledge.
Barbrook, Richard, & Cameron, Andy. (1996). The Californian ideology. URL:
http://www.comune.torino.it/gioart/big/bigguest/riflessioni/californian_engl.pdf [June 13, 2012]. (Originally published in Science as Culture, 6(1), 44-72.)
Barthes, Roland. (1977). Image, music, text (Stephen Heath, Trans.). New York, NY: Hill & Wang.
Bateson, Gregory. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Baudrillard, Jean. (1994). Simulacra and simulation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bauman, Zygmunt. (1976). Socialism: The active utopia. New York: Holmes & Meier Press.
Bausinger, Hermann. (1990). Folk culture in a world of technology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
bbaaeezz. (2011, February 13). March on Washington 1963, Joan and Bob - when the ship comes in. Youtube. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFc8glsWjgU [March 3, 2013].
Bendix, Regina. (1996). In search of authenticity: The formation of folklore studies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Benjamin, Walter. (1999). Illuminations (Harry Zorn, Trans.). London: Pimlico.
Berardi, Franco “Bifo.” (2009). The soul at work: From alienation to autonomy (F. Cadel & G. Mecchia, Trans.). Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
Berardi, Franco “Bifo.” (2011). After the future. Baltimore: AK Press.
Berardi, Franco “Bifo.” (2012). The uprising: On poetry and finance. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
Berkowitz, Norman. (1968). Appendix 1: Data systems and programming. In A. Lomax,
Folk song style and culture (pp. 309-321). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Bloch, Ernst. (1986). The principle of hope (Neville Plaice, Stephen Plaice, and Paul Knight, Trans.). Oxford: B. Blackwell.
Bluestein, Gene. (1972). The voice of the folk: Folklore and American literary theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Bodroghkozy, Aniko. (2001). Groove tube: Sixties television and the youth rebellion. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Boler, Megan. (Ed). (2008). Digital media and democracy: Tactics in hard times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Bolter, Jay David and Richard Grusin. (1999). Remediation: Understanding new media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Boucher, David & Browning, David (Eds). (2004). The political art of Bob Dylan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brady, Erica. (1999). A spiral way: How the phonograph changed ethnography. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Braidotti, Rosi. (1994). Nomadic subjects: Embodiment and sexual difference in contemporary feminist theory. New York: Columbia University Press. Brennan, Chrisann. (2011, October). Jobs at 17: Nerd, poet, romantic. Rolling Stone,
1142, 42.
Broadside. (1962). Broadside, 2. URL: http://www.broadsidemagazine.com/All/2.pdf [December 11, 2012].
Bromberg, Minna, & Fine, Gary Alan. (2002). Resurrecting the red: Pete Seeger and the purification of difficult reputations. Social Forces, 80(4), 1135-1155.
Brown, Jim (Dir.). (2007). Pete Seeger and the power of song [DVD]. Santa Monica, CA: Genius Products, LLC.
Bull, Michael. (2007). Sound moves: iPod culture and urban experience. New York: Routledge.
Burgess, Jean, & Green, Joshua. (2009). YouTube: Online video and participatory culture. Malden, MA: Polity.
Burke, Peter. (2009). Popular culture in early modern Europe. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Butler, Judith. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New
York: Routledge.
Cantwell, Robert. (1993). Ethnomimesis: Folklife and the representation of culture. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Cantwell, Robert. (1996). When we were good: The folk revival. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Caplan, Lisa. (2013). Smule turns the world into an iPhone karaoke party with Sing!
Appolicious. URL: http://www.appolicious.com/articles/12604-smule-turns-the-
world-into-an-iphone-karaoke-party-with-sing [February 15, 2013].
Carey, James. (1967). Harold Adams Innis and Marshall McLuhan. The Antioch Review,
27(1), 5-39.
Cavell, Richard. (2002). McLuhan in space: A cultural geography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Cazdyn, Eric, & Szeman, Imre. (2011). After globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.
Chomsky, Noam, & Herman, Edward S. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
Cohen, Ronald D. (2002). Rainbow quest: The folk music revival and American society, 1940-1970. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press.
Cossu, Andrea. (2012). It ain’t me, babe: Bob Dylan and the performance of authenticity. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Cray, Ed. (2011). The performer and the promoter. In John S. Partington (Ed.), The life, music, and thought of Woody Guthrie: A critical appraisal (pp. 143-156). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Critical Art Ensemble. (1994). The Electronic Disturbance. New York: Autonomedia. Critical Art Ensemble. (2000). Recombinant theatre and digital resistance. TDR: The
Drama Review, 44(4), 151-166.
Critical Art Ensemble. (2001). Digital resistance: Explorations in tactical media. New York: Autonomedia.
Critical Art Ensemble. (2012). Disturbances. London: Four Corners Books.
Cunningham, Agnes “Sis,” & Friesen, Gordon. (1999). Red dust and broadsides: A joint autobiography. (Ronald D. Cohen, Ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Day, Aidan. (1988). Jokerman: Reading the lyrics of Bob Dylan. New York: Basil Blackwell.
De Certeau, Michel. (1984). The practice of everyday life (Steven Rendall, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dean, Jodi. (2009). Democracy and other neoliberal fantasies: Communicative capitalism & left politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Dean, Jodi. (2010). Blog theory: Feedback and capture in the circuits of drive. Malden, MA: Polity.
Dean, Jodi. (2011). Claiming division, naming a wrong. In A. Taylor and K. Gessen (Eds.), Occupy! Scenes from occupy America (pp. 87-92). Brooklyn, NY: Verso. Dean, Jodi. (2012, April 12). Occupation as political form. And/Or Evacuate. URL:
http://occupyeverything.org/2012/occupation-as-political-form/ [March 12, 2013]. De Landa, Manuel. (1997). A thousand years of nonlinear history. New York: Zone
Deleuze, Gilles, & Guattari, Félix. (1983). Anti-oedipus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. (Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Félix. (1986). Kafka: Toward a minor literature (Dana Polan, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Félix. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and
schizophrenia. (Brian Massumi, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Félix. (1994). What is philosophy? (Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Demers, Jason. (2011). An American excursion: Deleuze and Guattari from New York to Chicago. Theory and Event, 14(1).
Denisoff, Serge. (1971). Great day coming: Folk music and the American left. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Derrida, Jacques. (1976). Of grammatology (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Trans.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, Jacques. (1995). Archive fever: A Freudian impression (Eric Prenowitz, Trans.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, John. (1938). Experience and education. New York: The Macmillan company. Dettmar, Kevin J. H. (Ed). (2009). The Cambridge companion to Bob Dylan. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Dieter, Michael. (2011). The becoming environmental of power: Tactical media after control. Fibreculture Journal, 18.
Dietrick, Garth. (2007). The Best of Hootenanny [DVD]. Shout! Factory.
Dunaway, David. (1981). How can I keep from singing: Pete Seeger. Toronto: McGraw- Hill Book Co.
Dunaway, David. (2010). Singing out: An oral history of America’s folk music revivals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dunaway, David. (2011). A Pete Seeger discography: Seventy years of recordings. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Dyer, Richard. (2002). Only entertainment. New York: Routledge.
Dyer-Witheford, Nick. (1999). Cyber-Marx: Cycles and circuits of struggle in high- technology capitalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Dyer-Witheford, Nick. (2004). 1844/2004/2044: The return of species-being. Historical Materialism, 12(4), 3-25.
Dyer-Witheford, Nick. (2010). Digital labour, species-becoming, and the global worker.
Ephemera, 10(3/4), 484-503.
Dyer-Witheford, Nick, & de Peuter, Greig. (2009). Games of Empire: Global capitalism and video games. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dylan, Bob. (1971). Tarantula. New York: Macmillan.
Dylan, Bob. (1973). Writings and drawings. New York: Knopf.
Dyson, Frances. (2009). Sounding new media: Immersion and embodiment in the arts and culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Engels, Friedrich. (1978). Socialism: Utopian and scientific. In Robert C. Tucker (Ed.),
The Marx-Engels reader. New York: Norton.
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. (1974). The consciousness industry: On literature, politics and the media. New York: Seabury Press.
Ernst, Wolfgang. (2011). Media archaeography: Method and machine versus history and narrative of media. In E. Huhtamo & J.Parikka (Eds.), Media archaeology: Approaches, applications, and implications (pp. 239-255). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
EveryAppleAds, (2012, October 18). Apple Switch ad - Aaron Adams (2002). URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-EOtUfy8iI [February 1, 2013].
Fabian, Johannes. (1983). Time and the other: How anthropology makes its object. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Farrel, James J. (1997). The spirit of the sixties: The making of postwar radicalism. New York: Routledge.
Fields, Sidney. (1972). Only human: Driftin’ and learnin’. In Craig McGregor (Ed.), Bob Dylan: The early years (pp. 34-35). New York: Da Capo Press.
Filene, Benjamin. (2000). Romancing the folk: Public memory and American roots music. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press.
Fischer, Paul D. (1999). Billy Bragg & Wilco, Mermaid Avenue. Left History, 6(1), 117- 120.
Foucault, Michel. (1970). The order of things: An archeology of the human sciences. New York: Vintage.