Protección del cliente de correo electrónico .1 Clientes de correo electrónico

project:-Communicating an d preparing individual s and communities to understand an d support people o n A RT is an important componen t o f a comprehensive respons e t o HIV an d AIDS tha t include s prevention , treatment , car e an d support . Accurat e informatio n communicated throug h a variety of formats usin g appropriate channel s i s needed i n al l places wher e A R T is introduced so that communities become 'treatmen t literate' . Civi l society organization s nee d suppor t t o facilitate thi s process , whic h shoul d includ e the active participation of local leaders , communit y members, familie s and women and girls living wit h HI V and who ar e on treatment. Thi s in turn need s to be part of a broade r empowerment agend a wher e peopl e an d communities ca n actively engage wit h healt h providers aroun d thei r treatmen t an d are able t o negotiate healt h an d social situations . Engaging with individuals and communities effectively around ART can improve women and girls living wit h HIV/AID S qualit y of life, contribut e to greater uptake o f voluntary counselling and testing services and lead to a greater belief in the effectiveness o f ART .

Stigma relate d t o HI V create s a viciou s cycl e tha t lead s t o discriminatio n an d th e deprivation of people's rights .

Because of the lo w visibility o f ordinary people livin g positively, with HIV, the real fac e of AID S remain s unsee n an d AID S - relate d stigm a proliferates . Incorporatin g peopl e living with HIV as V CT staff can significantly change people's attitude s to AIDS.

There i s a nee d t o challeng e traditiona l custom s an d belief s an d t o acknowledg e th e vulnerability o f wome n t o HI V via th e vulnerabilit y o f thei r partners . Me n mus t b e brought int o fran k a d hones t discussion s abou t sexua l behaviour s tha t facilitat e transmission and must acknowledge their responsibility in maintaining their partners' and children's health.

121 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPH Y

Anita Hardon, & Colleen Daniels, (2006) Universal Access by 2010 1 0 Challenges on the way (Health Action International )

Atueyi, 1 . (1999)."Dru g information , Educatio n an d Communication. " West African Journal of Pharmacy 13 (2): 10-13

Brazil guarantee d universal and free access to ARVs b y presidential decree in November 1996.

Celentano DD , Galai N , Sethi A K , Sha h NG , Strathdee SA , Vlahov D , et al Tim e to initiating highl y activ e antiretrovira l therap y amon g HIV-infecte d injection dru g users . AIDS 2001 ; 15(13):1707-15 .

Colebunders, R. , Karita , H . Taelman , an d P . Mugyenyi . (1997) . "Antiretrovira l Treatment in Africa."AIDS 1 1 (suppl B): S107-S113.

Coffing, R.T . & Hutchinson, T.E. (April 1974) . Needs Analysis Methodology:

A Prescriptiv e Set of Rules and Procedures fo r Identifying, Defining and Measuring Needs. ERIC Document Reproduction Service. ED 095 654.

Csete, J.M. (April , 1996) . Needs Assessment: Wha t difference doe s (and Can) It Make? Paper. American Educational Research Association. New York: ERI C Document Reproduction Service. ED 396 002.

Chesney, M. , Ickovics , J., for th e Recruitmen t Adherenc e an d Retentio n Committe e of the ACTG . Ó Adherence to combination therapy in AIDS clinical trials (1997).Ó Annual Meeting of the AID clinica l Trials Group, Washington, D.C., July 1997

Deeks, SC, Loftus, R, Beatty, G, et al, O Incidence and predictors o f virological failure of indinavir o r ritonavir in an urban AID S clinic . Ó [abstract ] International Conferenc e o n Anti-microbial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto . October, 199 7

Edlin BR , Sea l K H , Lorviek J , Kra i A H , Ciccarone, D H , Moore, L D , Lo, B. I s i t justifiable t o withhol d treatment fo r hepatiti s C fro m illicit-dru g users ? New England Journal of Medicine, 2001 , 345 (3): 211-5.

Escaff r e N , Morin M , Bouhni k AD, Fuzibe t JG, Gastaut JA , Obadia Y et al. Injectin g drug users ' adherenc e to HI V antiretroviral treatments : physicians' beliefs . AIDS Care 2000; 12:723-30 .

Family Healt h International . (2002) . "Comprehensiv e HIV/AID S Prevention , Car e an d Support Programming."

Farmer, Paul , f . Leandre , J.S . Mukhejee, et al . (2001). "Community-Base d Approaches to HIV treatmen t in resource-poor settings. " The lancet. Vol 35 8 (9279) 404-9.

Gerry Hillar y Mshana , Joyc e Wamoyi , Joann a Busza , Basia Zaba , Joh n Changalucha , Samuel Kaluvya and Mark Urassa (2006) Barriers to Accessing Antiretroviral Therapy in Kisesa Tanzania, A Qualitative Study of Eerly Rural Referrals t o the National program.

AIDS PATIENT CAR E an d STDs Volume 20, Number 9, 2006

Harries, A . D ; D.S .Nyangulu , N.J . Hargreaves , O . Kaluwa , an d F . M . Salaniponi.

(2001)."Preventing Antiretrovira l Anarchy i n SubSahara n Africa. " Lancet. 358 : 410 -414.

Hecht, F M , Colfax , C , Swanson , M . , Chesney , M . , Ó Adherenc e an d effectivenes s o f protease inhibitor s i n clinica l practice . O Fift h Conferenc e o n Retroviruse s an d Opportunistic Infections. Chicago , February 199 8

Heinkel, O. (1973). Priority Determination for Vocational Education Through

a Formal Needs Assessment. Sa n Diego, CA.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service.

ED 08 6 295, 1973.

Information supplied by ACHAP, websit e accessed i n January 2006 .

123

Jakab, Melitta and Chitra Krishnan. (October 3, 2001). Community Involvement in Health care financing: Impact, Strengths and weakness: A Synthesis of the literature.

Washington, DC: Worl d Bank

June 2001. "The Global Strategy Framewor k on HIV/ AIDS." Geneva, Switzerland.

J. Stephe n Morriso n an d Heathe r Hurlburt , Botswana's Strateg y t o Comba t HIV/AIDS : Lessons fo r Afric a an d president Bush' s emergenc y Pla n for AID S Relief , a conferenc e report of the CSI S Task Force on HIV/AIDS (Washington, D.C.: CSIS , January 2004) . Kalichman SC , Graham J, Luke W , Austin J . Perceptions o f health car e among persons living wit h HIV/AID S wh o ar e no t receivin g antiretrovira l medications . AIDS Patient Care STDS 2002; 16(5):233-40 . Orrel l C, Bangsberg DR, Badr i M , Woo d R. Adherence

is no t a barrie r t o successfu l antiretrovira l therap y i n Sout h Africa . AIDS 2003 ; 17(9):1369-75.

Kaufman, R. (July/August, 1985). Needs Assessment, Needs Analysis, Objectives and Evaluation. Performance & Instruction, 24, 21

Lamptey, Pete r R . an d Helen e D . Gyle . (2001) . HIV/ AIDS Prevention and Care in Resources-Constrained Settings. Arlington, VA: Family Health International.

Lerner BH , Gulic k R M , Duble r NN. Rethinkin g non adherence: Historical perspective s on triple drug therapy fo r HIV disease . Ann Intern Med. 1998 Oct 1; 129(7):573-8 .

Liechty CA , Bangsber g DR . Doubts about DOT: antiretrovira l therapy fo r resource-poo r countries. AIDS 2003 ; 17:13 83-7.

Management Scienc e fo r Healt h (MSH) . (2000) . International Drug Price Indicator Guide. MSH.Morrison and Hurlburt, Botswana's Strateg y to Combat HIV/AIDS .

Marta Chechett o - Salle s an d Yvett e Gaye r (2006 ) Communit y Base d Organizatio n Management handboo k fo r CBO Pact .

Nieuwkerk, PT , Cisolf , E M , Van Leeuwen , R , e t al . Ó Self-reporte d adherenc e t o ritonavir/ saquinavir and ritonavir /saquinavir/ stavudine i n a randomized clinical trial:

preliminary results . Ó [abstrac t 32362 ] XI I International Conferenc e o n AIDS , Geneva , June 1998

Osborne, C M. (1996) . "HIV/ AID S in resources- poo r Settings: Comprehensive Care Across a Continuum." AIDS 1 0 (suppl 3): S61-6 7

Oja C, Steen J : The traditional health practitioner : a key figure in future preventio n and control o f HIV/AIDS o n the communit y level , i n Cabrera C, Pitt D, Staugaard F . AIDS and the Grassroot: Problems, Challenges and Opportunités. Ipelegen g Publisher s 1996 .

Gaborone, Guteburg, Nairobi.

Pecoul, Bernard , Pierre Chirac , Patrice Trouiller , and Jacque s Pinel . (1999) . "Acces s to Essential drugs in poor countries." J A MA 281(4) : 361-367.

Prienti JJ, Massari V, Descamps D , Vabret A, Bouvet E, Larouze B, et al. Predictors of virologic failur e an d resistanc e i n HIV-infecte d patients treate d wit h nevirapine - o r efavirenz-based antiretrovira l therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004; 38(9): 1311-6.

Rachel Cohen , "Positiv e Replication : Th e MS F Experienc e providin g HAAR T i n Developing Countries, " IC R / G A A N meetin g o n U. S Strateg y fo r Rapi d Scale-u p o f A R V Treatment , Washingto n D.C., December 12,2003 .

Regan, L. & Dalton, C.J. (19 May - 30 June 1998). Class Syllabus. EDER 67 5 - Instructional Development. University of Calgary, Canada.

Report of the global AIDS epidemic, Geneva, UNAIDS, (2002) .

Rugalema, Gabriel , Silk e Weigang , an d Jame s Mbwika , (1999) . HIV/ AIDS and the Commercial Agricultural Sector in Kenya . Rome , Italy : Foo d an d Agricultur e Organization.

125

Shelton, MJ , Esch, L D , Hewitt, RC, Cousins, S., Morse , CD. Ó Th e Impac t o f patient reported adherenc e with antiretroviral therapy on virologic response. Ó [abstrac t 1-170] , 35^{t h} Inte r scienc e Conferenc e o n Antimicrobia l Agent s an d Chemotherapy , Sa n Diego, September, 199 8

Sweat M , S. Gregorich , G. Sangiwa , et al . (2000). "Cos t - Effectivenes s o f Voluntary HIV-1 Counselin g and Testing in Reducing Sexual Transmission of HIV-1 i n Kenya and Tanzania." The lancet, 35 6 (9224): 113-21 .

Sweigert, R. (1969). Unpublished Paper "Needs Assessments an d Discrepancy Models." Amherst, M A: University of Massachusetts .

The Government of United Republic of Tanzania (2001) National HIV/AIDS Policy . The Governmen t o f Unite d Republi c of Tanzani a (2002 ) Censu s Repor t an d National website.

The United Republic of Tanzania (2005) National Strategy fo r Growt h and Reduction of Poverty, Vice Presiden t Office .

Trimby, M.J. (December, 1979) . Needs Assessment Models : A Comparison.

Educational Technology. 24-28.

UNAIDS, UNICEF , an d WHO , Botswana: Epidemiologica l Fac t sheet s o n HIV/AID S and Sexually Transmitted Infections, (2002 ) Update (New York: UNAIDS , 2002) .

UNAIDS.December 2001. "AIDS Epidemi c Update." Geneva, Switzerland.

UNAIDS an d Kaiser Media Manual on HIV/AIDS (2005 )

UNDP (1999 ) Tanzani a Huma n Developmen t Repor t th e Stat e o f Progres s i n Human Resources Development, February (2000) .

UNESCO (2002 ) A Cultura l Approach to HIV/AID S Preventio n an d Car e Toward s A Handbook for India Overall Assessment Cas e Studies.

United Nations (2002) U N Offic e fo r the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs .

Integrated Regiona l Informatio n Networ k (IRIN) . Ethiopia : Focu s o n AID S an d th e elderly. 2^{n d} January 200 6 http://www.irinnews.org

USAID (2005) Development Report

World Healt h Organization (WHO). 1997b . Standard treatment and Essential Drugs for HIV related Conditions: Acess to HIV-related Drugs ( DAP/ 97.9 )

WHO (2002), http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact239.htm, accesse d o n 2/1/2006 WHO/UNAIDS (2004 ) Policy statement

Wiselnfo. info accessed o n 06/04/200 6

Witkin, B.R. (1984). Assessing Needs in Educational and Social Programs . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass .