PROTESTA CIUDADANA

The issue of gender equality has always been a priority topic for Spanish national policy. At the international level, Spain has subscribed to the commitment to equality between women and men both in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1979)23_{, the Beijing Declaration and Platform}

for Action (1995)24_{, in the Millennium Development Goals (2000)}25_{, among others. And}

23 _{See in: http://www.csd.gob.es/csd/estaticos/myd/convencion_protocolo.pdf and} http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm

24 _{See in}

http://beijing20.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/csw/bpa_s_final_web.pdf and https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/igualdadOportunidades/internacional/unioneuropea/Beijing1995.pdf 25 _{See in http://www.un.org/spanish/milenio/ares552.pdf.}

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at European level, as subscribed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights26_{, as in the Treaty}

of Operation contained in the Treaty of the EU27_{, in the Treaty of Rome (1957)}28 _and

specifically in the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention and control of violence Against women and domestic Violence of 2011 (Istanbul Convention)29_{. It is}

also part of the strategic commitment to equality between women and men 2016-2020 in line with the European Pact for Gender Equality 2011-202030_.

As far as national policy is concerned, we can see that in article 1 of the Spanish Constitution31 _{it recognizes equality as one of the higher values of the legal system;}

Article 9.2, which mentions the conditions for promoting freedom and equality among individuals; and article 14 where discrimination on grounds of sex is prohibited.

In the field of international development cooperation, the gender approach is present in the Director Plan 2005-200832 _{and in the law 23/1998 of international cooperation for}

development33_{. From these two documents the strategy of "Gender in development" is}

derived, which constitutes as a fundamental instrument to promote the effective equality between men and women and especially to put in practice not only the guidelines exposed in the Plan Director 2005-2008 and in law 23/1998, but also in the content of law 3/2007 for the effective equality of women and men34_{. These guidelines are reflected in the first}

pilot experiences carried out under the technical offices of Spanish cooperation jointly with women-led organizations in countries such as Guatemala, Nicaragua, Republic Dominican Republic, among others, including in them the mainstreaming of the gender approach.

In this sense, for the Spanish Development Cooperation equality between men and women is the basis for the generation of development. That is why post-graduate gender programs were launched to promote women's rights both in the third sector, as well as in the government staff of the dependencies attached to international cooperation and for the general public. That is why, the development strategies that are carried out with partner countries should take into account the differences and inequalities between men and women. This necessarily requires the participation of men, since in this way they work on the structural causes of gender inequality, addressing issues such as roles in the family or the traditional perception of women in society.

26 _{See in http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf}

27 _{See in https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN} 28 _{It establishes in its article 119 the principle of equality in wage remuneration between men and women} performing the same work, prohibiting wage discrimination on the basis of sex. AECID (2015), “Guía de la AECID sobre la Transversalización del Enfoque de Género”, Madrid, España, p. 25. See in https://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11957E/TXT&from=EN 29 _{See in https://rm.coe.int/168008482e} 30 _{See in https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-} content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011XG0525(01)&from=EN 31 _{See in https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf} 32 _{See in http://www.aecid.es/Centro-} Documentacion/Documentos/Planificaci%C3%B3n/Plan_Director0508_Esp.pdf 33 _{More information see http://www.aecid.es/Centro-}

Documentacion/Documentos/Normativa/International%20Development%20Cooperation%20Law.pdf 34 _{See in https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2007/BOE-A-2007-6115-consolidado.pdf}

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We can also point out that two strategic plans for equal opportunities have been developed (2008-2011 and 2014-2016), as an instrument, a competence of the State, to eliminate any type of discrimination on the basis of sex that may exist and above all To achieve equal opportunities between women and men.

For all of the above, Spain has become an international benchmark in terms of gender equality35_{. However, the effects of the economic crisis of 2008 have managed to stop the}

progress made by Spain both in its social policies and in its gender approach strategies of its International Cooperation. Since, according to the latest report on social policies in the country, the problems arising from budgetary adjustments in domestic policies have managed to increase inequality, affecting more women in this country. In this sense, according to the latest unemployment record, in 2017 women represented 58% of the unemployment rate36_{. Equally, the figures of the salary difference continue being high,}

having like average a salary difference of 5.941 € (equivalent to a 19.3% in 2013)37_{. In}

terms of dedication to home care, the difference also remains considerable, as women spend more than twice as much time on family and domestic care as men. Being a serious problem for his personal and professional development, because despite his high academic training (60.12% with university studies in 2016) Most of these, 75%, has part- time jobs38_.

One of the most serious problems that has worsened gender inequality in Spain is violence. In this sense, the budgetary reduction, product of the economic crisis of 2008, have also damaged the objective progress in the prevention of cases of mistreatment and violence against women and children.

As we have already mentioned, the problems of gender inequality in Spain have been a priority issue, but specifically those related to gender violence. In this sense, the country was an international pioneer in the approval of a Law against Gender Violence. The Organic Law 1/2004 on Integral Protection measures against Gender Violence was created with the purpose of working in an integral and multidisciplinary way in the measures of awareness, prevention and detection of gender violence. It is necessary to specify that in the months prior to the approval of said Law, in 2003, a program had been put in place to account for deaths due to gender violence. Initially, only women murdered by gender-based violence were included, and it was not until 2013 that they began to include minors who had been killed as victims of gender-based violence. Since that date, more than 93539 _{cases of women murdered by gender-based violence have been recorded.}

35 _{This is pointed out by the World Bank's report in 2016 entitled "Women, Business and the law", placing} Spain as one of the countries with the best normative framework to guarantee the full equal legal opportunity. GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN (2018), “Spain´s Report for the 2018 Voluntary National Review”. Government of Spain, Madrid, p. 48.

36 _{GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN (2018), “Spain´s Report for the 2018 Voluntary National Review”.} Government of Spain, Madrid, p. 47.

37 _Ibid. 38 _Ibidem.

39 _{GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN (2018), “Spain´s Report for the 2018 Voluntary National Review”.} Government of Spain, Madrid, p. 48.

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One of the most important forms of prevention has been the denunciation. In 2017, more than 13,50040 _{complaints were recorded daily for gender-based violence, of which,}

in 2016, 28.28%41 _{of victims who had filed a previous complaint ended up dying. Which}

means that this social problem continues to be one of the greatest challenges for the country. The achievement of Spain's proposed goal for SDG to reduce to 10% in 2020, the deadly victims of gender-based violence with prior denunciation, is looming far away. In recent months, we have welcomed the news about the recovery of the Ministry of Equality and its integration into the vice presidency of Government, as a priority issue for the national government. In this regard, the new Government intends to work on the new Strategic Equal Opportunity pact to include the goals and objectives set out in Agenda 2030, specifically as described in Objective 5, at the same time as working on the second National Strategy for the Eradication of Violence against Women (2018-2022), under such international demands.

Despite this, some recommendations made by third-sector organizations, such as Intermon Oxfam and UNICEF Spanish Committee, point to the need to continue working on strategies that promote gender equality, such as the following42_:

• To reduce the wage gap between women and men (15% in 2020 and its complete elimination for 2030), it is considered necessary to implement specific policies and measures through the monitoring and penalization of undertakings carrying out practices Discriminatory, in breach of current legislation.

• To promote gender equality and women's rights, it is considered necessary to strengthen capacities, financial, institutional and technical both at national and regional level.

• To broaden and improve the quality of assistance measures for victims of gender-based violence, it is necessary to expand and improve the disparity of the autonomous services of comprehensive care for victims of gender-based violence.

• To improve the roles of women and men in the domestic and care tasks, it is necessary to develop a set of measures among which are to extend the measures of reconciliation of the family life and the work and work in the conception of the ideas s working with the family, removing stereotypes and prejudices about family roles.

We are convinced that in order to move towards the achievement of SDG with a gender approach, it is necessary the commitment not only of the government but of the rest of the social actors, such as civil society, academia, business and NGO. Since the

40 _Ibid.

41 _{OXFAM Intermón and UNICEF Comité Español (2017), “Agenda 2030. Una oportunidad para las} personas y el planeta”, Madrid, España, p.9.

42 _{OXFAM Intermón and UNICEF Comité Español (2015), “España frente a los retos de la Agenda de} Desarrollo Sostenible”, Madrid, España, p. 41.

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commitment to make possible the goals contained in 2030 Agenda, both nationally and internationally, requires the efforts of all sectors that form a country to achieve it and a coherence of national and international policies that integrate in a balanced way the social, economic and environmental dimensions from a gender perspective.

4. CONCLUSIONS.

The idea of the legacy of the former UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon of continuing to work for more equitable and sustainable development in all countries of the world, under the implementation of Agenda 2030, calls all States, both Developed as developing. This is a milestone in the history of development, as it presents itself as a global project aimed at avoiding disparities between countries. In this sense, all Member States are obliged to incorporate SDG into their national agendas, improving and/or reinforcing the well-being of their population.

One of the most important improvements that SDG contains, in relation to the previous MDGs, in addition to the inclusion of actions in both the social, economic and environmental dimensions of both developed and developing countries; It is undoubtedly the incorporation of monitoring and reporting mechanisms that oblige Member States to work transversally in their internal policies to introduce and/or improve their evaluation indicators. This allows for a partial monitoring and control of the results of each SDG, elaborating the corresponding improvements until their complete fulfillment.

In the case of Spain, the legislative work carried out in recent years is a key element in the implementation of the necessary strategies for the compliance of SDG. The allocation of responsibilities within the structure of the Government to work in this regard, both in the High-level groups (GAN), the different ministries, as well as the different units of the General administration of the State (AGE), suppose a step Important in the management and coordination of the actions required by Agenda 2030. Likewise, the creation of the High Commissioner for the 2030 Agenda demonstrates the commitment of the Spanish government to work on internal policies to give optimum compliance to the SDGs.

In addition, the incorporation of a methodology for evaluating results periodically is recognized, under the model of indicators proposed by the United Nations MAPS (Mainstreaming, Accelerating Policy Support).

We can also positively assess the political will to work in coordination both at different levels of government and with the rest of the public and private sectors that form the country. Which, through the dialogue sessions proposed by the Government, have brought their proposals, concerns, contributions and demands to improve both the conditions of the Spanish society and the vulnerable groups of third countries. Fundamentally, the work of the ONG´s is valued, since, being a very professional sector, it has taken the leadership in the execution and follow-up of the SDG in the country. The

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recommendations and proposals made by the third sector, the business sector, academia and civil society organizations, were key to the submission of the VNR. That is why, we believe that the political and dialogue that the Spanish Government is having, constitutes one of the great strengths of both at national and international level.

However, the challenge facing Spain towards the fulfillment of the SDGs is great, since to make it possible to reach the 17 objectives and the 169 goals of the Development Agenda, it is required, in addition to the political will, to continue working and improving programs and actions that promote gender equality in the country, as well as the provision of physical, economic and technical resources to carry them out. We believe that the promotion of gender equality is the key to achieve a comprehensive sustainable development. So that compliance is seen as viable, provided that the political, economic and social commitment of the entire Spanish society as a whole is maintained.

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Chapter 5

PROJECT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF THE GUAMBIANO

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY: PUBLIC-PRIVATE

ALLIANCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA

CRISTINA DEL PRADO HIGUERA

Professor of Contemporary History at the Rey Juan Carlos University

SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. THE MISAK PEOPLE: WATER VILLAGE. 2.1 Origin