Prototipo en 3D (Animación)

Data from the semi-structured interviews underwent a data analysis process which involved giving meaning to the derived data (interpretation) (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). In this study, the semi-structured interview data were analysed using thematic analysis, and NVivo software (version 10) as an analysis tool.

Thematic analysis is one of the most commonly used methods of qualitative analysis and is a process for encoding qualitative information. Put simply, thematic analysis refers to the themes that emerge as important descriptions of a phenomenon (Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006). Coding is the central role of qualitative analysis which functions to organise and manage data; identify categories and concepts; link these concepts into substantive and formal themes; and help researchers to build, rather than test theory (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Charmaz, 2006; Ryan & Bernard, 2000; Strauss & Corbin, 1998). According to Gibbs (2007),

Coding is how you define what the data you are analysing are about. It involves identifying and recording one or more passages of text or other data items such as the parts of pictures that, in some sense, exemplify the same theoretical or descriptive idea. Usually, several passages are identified and they are then linked with a name for that idea – the code. Thus all the text and so on that is about the same thing or exemplifies the same thing is coded to the same name (p. 38).

Coding is the process of relating sections of data to the categories which the

researcher has either previously developed or is developing on an on-going basis as the data are being collected (Bowling, 2009). “A code in qualitative inquiry is most often a word or short phrase that symbolically assigns a summative, salient, essence‐capturing, and/or evocative attribute for a portion of language‐based or visual data” (Saldana, 2010, p. 3).The coding process coded and labelled all the data. The initial codes with the same label are grouped together as a theme. “A theme captures something important about the data in relation to the research question, and represents some level of patterned response or meaning within the data set” (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p. 82).

The process of thematic analysis involves the generation of codes, the identification of themes through data reading, line-by-line coding or word-by-word coding; and data integration and interpretation (Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006; Robson, 2011; Thomas & Harden, 2008). According to Braun & Clarke’s (2006) guide to conducting thematic analysis, there are six phases in the thematic analysis process: data

familiarisation; the generation of initial codes; searching for themes; reviewing themes; defining and naming themes and finally; producing the report. Based on these six basic steps thematic analysis is considered an easy method to learn and conduct, one that is comfortably accessible to researchers with little or no experience in qualitative research. Thematic analysis has advantages such as it is flexible; produces accessible results (this is an aid in educating the general public ); it highlights the similarities and differences across the data set; and it produces qualitative analyses appropriate to informing policy development (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The details of the qualitative data analysis will be further explained in chapter 5.

3.5 Ethical issues

In research, any dilemma stemming from a moral quandary is a basis of ethical conduct (Kumar, 2011). This study involves human beings, and therefore ethical issues and concerns are involved, and therefore ethics approval was required from

the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tasmania. There are five basic principles in ethical research:

 Beneficence, which means the obligation to the subjects and/or society and outweighs all potential risks;

 Responsibility (of the researcher to society and the specific communities);

 Integrity (of the researcher and the research to be undertaken);

 Justice, which refers to the question as to who ought to receive the benefits of the research and bear its burden; and

 Respect (for people’s dignity and rights).

(American Psychological Association, 2010, pp. 3-4) This study obtained ethics approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee (Tasmania) Network (see Appendix 1). In order to protect the confidentiality of the participants, the completed questionnaires and recorded audio files were only accessible and coded by the researcher. The interview participants were given codes, for example participant 01, without referring to their names. In addition, the participants were given opportunities to access copies of their audio records and interview transcripts before publication and had the opportunity to withdraw any information that they felt uncomfortable with.

A counselling service and Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) were provided and arranged for those participants who required these services. It was considered that during the interviews some participants may have a reason to recall unpleasant experiences, such as fleeing their country of origin and living in refugee camps or similar, and the counselling service was provided for those who experienced

discomfort or distress during the interview process. Participants from a non-English speaking background were given the opportunity to refer to the TIS if they faced difficulty in understanding the information sheets and consent forms for

participation in the survey or interview process.

All hard copy data that was gathered, including returned questionnaires, interview transcripts and coded data, together with electronic data that was stored on CD is

kept in a locked, secure cabinet identified within the University of Tasmania’s Centre for Rural Health for a period of 5 years. The data will be destroyed after a period of five years.

3.6 Conclusion

Methodology is an essential part of the whole research process that determines the research pathway and justifies the research approach and tools used in the

research. Hence, the research methodology forms a valid basis for judging the success of the research, and the knowledge and ability of the researchers in conducting the research. This chapter presents the conceptual framework which underlies the design of the study. The detailed description of the methods and tools used and rationale for using them in this study is presented. This study employs a mixed methods approach using survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to gather rich data from multiple perspectives about the issue of food security among migrants in Tasmania. The study procedure has been described in detail. The process of data collection and analysis, including the collection and analysis of the questionnaire and interview data has also been presented in this chapter. The validity and reliability of the data collection instruments

(questionnaires and semi-structured interviews) were tested. Two data analysis software programs, SPSS and NVivo were employed to facilitate the data analysis process. The results of both the quantitative and the qualitative approaches are presented in chapters 4 and 5 accordingly.

4

Chapter 4: Quantitative Data Analysis

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis results of the quantitative data collected from the questionnaire. Quantitative analysis deals with numerical data and the use of

statistical methods to obtain and interpret results. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the questionnaire was designed to address research objectives (RO) 1, 2, 4 and 5. RO 1 aims to examine the views of migrants from different cultural

backgrounds on food security in Tasmania; RO 2 identifies the food security

problems facing migrants from different cultural backgrounds who live in Tasmania; RO 4 identifies the acculturation strategies used by migrants from different cultural backgrounds in relation to food security in their new environment (Tasmania), and RO 5 intends to provide some suggestions and advice for the enhancement of food security among migrants from different cultural backgrounds.

This chapter has eight sections including this introduction. The data analysis

techniques are discussed first, followed by a description of the characteristics of the questionnaire respondents. Then the migrants’ experiences about food security including food availability, food accessibility, food affordability and food

consumption are presented, followed by their views on food security and the coping strategies that they use. The results of the inferential statistical analyses using Chi- square and ordinal logistic regression tests to examine the relationships between the migrants’ experiences, perceptions and attitudes about food security and their demographic backgrounds are presented. Lastly, the chapter presents a summary of the results and a conclusion.