PROYECTOS ELABORADOS CON BIM POR LA EMPRESA

Production of botanical insecticides requires con-tinuous availability of plant materials on com-mercial scale. The few selected plants discussed in this chapter are abundantly available in differ-ent parts of Himachal Pradesh and their distribu-tion/place of occurrence is given in Table 4.1 . Some of the plants (e.g., marigold, Tagetes spp.) can be cultivated in agricultural land for commer-cial use in pest control, whereas Ageratum conyzoides is growing as weed in different eco-systems, road sides, forest, and other wastelands in different parts of Himachal Pradesh (20,343 ha). The raw material of some medicinal

plants (root, rhizome, tuber, leaf, whole plant, fruit, fl ower, seed) will be available in different markets (Delhi, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Amritsar, and Solan) of the country (Samant et al. 2007 ).

4.5 Conclusion

Due to the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides to health, environment, and development of resistance in pests, there is a need for the devel-opment of safer and effective alternate strategies to contain the pests. The natural plant products can be an excellent alternative source of novel insecticides. With some exceptions, botanical insecticides are considered to be less toxic to nontarget species and more environment friendly because of their biodegradable nature.

References

Akhtar Y, Rankin CH, Isman MB (2003) Decreased response to feeding deterrents following prolonged exposure in the larvae of a generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Insect Behav 16:811–831

Anwar T, Jabbar A, Khalique F, Tahir S, Shakeel MA (1992) Plants with insecticidal activities against four major insect pests in Pakistan. Trop Pest Manage 38:431–437

Balaraju K, Vendan SE, Ignacimuthu S, Park K (2011) Antifeedant and larvicidal activities of Swertia chirata Buch-Ham.ex wall against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Spodoptera litura Fab. Elix Soc Sci 31:1902–1905

Baskar K, Kumar AS, Raj GA, Packiam SM, Ignacimuthu S (2014) Bioeffi cacy of Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr and Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) (Syn. H. auricu-lata ) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Arch Phytopathol Pfl 47:1–12

Bowers WS (1982) Toxicology of precocenes. In: Coast JR (ed) Insecticide mode of action. Academic, New York, pp 403–427

Chaudhary A, Sharma P, Nadda G, Tewary DK, Singh B (2011) Chemical composition and larvicidal activities of the Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara essential oil and its fractions against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella . J Insect Sci 11:1–10

Chauhan NS (1999) Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi

Cheng EY (1988) Problems of control of insecticide resis-tant Plutella xylostella . Pestic Sci 23:177–188 Table 4.8 Chemical constituents of Ageratum

Ageratochromene (precocene II) 42.50

α-Cadinol 0.10

position of the essential oil of Tagetes minuta L. from Zambia. J Essent Oil Res 10(2):183–184

Chowdhery HJ, Wadhwa BM (1984) Flora of Himachal Pradesh analysis, vol 1–3. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah

Dung NT, Bajpai VK, Yoon JI, Kang SC (2009) Anti- infl ammatory effects of essential oil isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb) Merr and Perry. Food Chem Toxicol 47:449–453

Durden K, Sellars S, Cowell B, Brown JJ, Pszczolkowski MA (2011) Artemisia annua extracts, artemisinin and 1,8-cineole, prevent fruit infestation by a major, cos-mopolitan pest of apples. Pharm Biol 49:563–568 Fradin MS, Day JF (2002) Comparative effi cacy of insect

repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 347:13–18

Gahloth D, Kumar PA, Dhaliwal HS, Sharma AK, Shukla U, Birah A, Gupta GP (2011) Bioinsecticidal activity of Murraya koenigii miraculin-like protein against Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura . Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 78:132–144

Grainge MS, Ahmed WC, Mitchell, Hylin JW (1984) Plant species reportedly possessing pest control prop-erties – a database. Resource Systems East–West Center, Honolulu

Haghighian F, Sendi JJ, Aliakbar A, Javaherdashti M (2008) The growth regulatory, deterrency and ovicidal activity of worm wood ( Artemisia annua L.) on Tribolium confusum Duv. and identifi cation of its chemical constituents by GC-MS. Pestycydy 12:51–59

Hasan M, Sagheer M, Ullah E, Ahmad F, Wakil W (2006) Insecticidal activity of different doses of Acorus cala-mus oil against Trogoderma granarium (Everts). Pak J Agri Sci 43:1–2

Isman MB (2002) Insect antifeedants. Pestic outlook 13:152–157

Jacobson M (1982) Plants, insect and man-their interrela-tionship. Econ Bot 36:346–354

Jeyasankar A, Premalatha S, Elumalai K (2012) Biological activities of Solanum pseudocapsicum (Solanaceae) against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and armyworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:981–986

Jiang ZL, Akhtar Y, Zhang X, Bradbury R, Isman MB (2012) Insecticidal and feeding deterrent activities of essential oils in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Appl Entomol 136:191–202

Khosarvi R, Sendi JJ, Ghadamyari M, Yezdani E (2011) Effect of sweet wormwood Artemisia annua crude leaf extracts on some biological and physiological charac-teristics of the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis . J Insect Sci 11:156

Kim Soon IP, Ohh MH, Cho HC, Ahn YJ (2003) Contact and fumigant activities of aromatic plant extracts and

(Coleoptera: Anobiidae). J Stored Prod Res 39:11–19 Koul O, Smirle MJ, Isman MB (1990) Asarones from

Acorus calamus L. oil, their effect on feeding behavior and dietary utilization in Peridroma saucia . J Chem Ecol 16:1911–1920

Ladhari A, Omezzine F, Chaieb I, Laarif A, Haouala R (2013) Antifeeding and insecticidal effects of Capparis spinosa L. on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae.

Afr J Agric Res 8:5232–5238

Leatemia JA, Isman MB (2004) Effi cacy of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. in the greenhouse. Int J Pest Manage 50:129–133

Lim GS, Sivapragasam A, Loke WH (1996) Crucifer insect pest problems: trends, issues and management strategies. In: The Management of Diamondback Moth and other Crucifer Pests: Proceedings of the third international workshop, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Oct 1996

Maggi ME, Mangeaud A, Carpinella MC, Ferrayoli CG, Valladares GR, Palacios SM (2005) Laboratory evalu-ation of Artemisia annua L. extract and artemisinin activity against Epilachna paenulata and Spodoptera eridania . J Chem Ecol 31:1527–1536

Moreira MD, Picanc MC, Barbosa LCA, Guedes RNC, Barros E, Campos MR (2007) Compounds from Ageratum conyzoides : isolation, structural elucidation and insecticidal activity. Pest Manage Sci 63:615–621

Padalia RC, Verma RS, Sundaresan V (2010) Volatile constituents of three invasive weeds of Himalayan region. Rec Nat Prod 4(2):109–114

Pathak CS, Tiwari SK (2012) Insecticidal action of neem seed ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss) acetone extract against the life-cycle stages of rice-moth, Corcyra cephalonica Staint. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). World J Agric Sci 8:529–536

Pavela R (2011) Screening of Eurasian plants for insecti-cidal and growth inhibition activity against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Afr J Agric Res 6:2895–2907 Prajapati V, Tripathi AK, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SPS

(2005) Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition- deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus . Bioresour Technol 96:1749–1757

Rachokarn S, Piyasaengthong N, Bullangpoti V (2008) Impact of botanical extracts derived from leaf extracts Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) and Amaranthus viri-dis L. (Amaranthaceae) on populations of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and detoxi-fi cation enzyme activities. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 73:451–457

Ramya S, Rajasekaran C, Sundararajan G, Alaguchamy N, Jayakumararaj R (2008) Antifeedant activity of leaf aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants on VI instar larva of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner).

Ethnobot Leafl 12:938–943

Rao PJ, Kumar KM, Singh S, Subrahmanyam B (1999) Effect of Artemisia annua oil on development and reproduction of Dysdercus koenigii (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae). J Appl Entomol -Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 123:315–318

Reichling J, Schnitzler P, Suschke U, Saller R (2009) Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties – an overview. Forsch Komplementmed 16:9–90

Sacchetti G, Maietti S, Muzzoli M, Scaglianti M, Manfredini S, Radice M, Bruni R (2005) Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chem 91:621–632

Sagar A, Kaur R (2010) Study on fungal associates of Aesculus indica . Biol Forum – Int J 2:49–52

Samant SS, Pant S, Singh M, Lal M, Singh A, Sharma A, Bhandari S (2007) Medicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh, north western Himalaya, India. Int J Biodivers Sci Manage 3:234–251

Senthilkumar A, Venkatesalu V (2012) Larvicidal potential of Acorus calamus L. essential oil against fi larial vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2:324–326

Shukla S, Tiwari SK (2011) Toxicological effects of Dryopteris fi lix-mas against the ontogeny of Rice- moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Staint). World Appl Sci J 12:6–20

Singh KM, Singh MP, Sureja AK, Bhardwaj R (2012) Insecticidal activity of certain plants of Zingiberaceae and araceae against Spodoptera litura F. and Plutella

xylostella Saunders in cabbage. Indian J Entomol 74:62–68

Tewary DK, Bhardwaj A, Shanker A (2005) Pesticidal activities in fi ve medicinal plants collected from mid hills of western Himalayas. Ind Crop Prod 22:241–247

Thakur M, Mahajan R, Sharma S, Mehta PK (2007) Bio effi cacy of Podophyllum hexandrum and Podophyllotoxin against Cruciferous Pests. Indian J Plant Prot 35:43–46

Tripathi AK, Prajapati V, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SPS, Kumar S (2000) Repellency and toxicity of oil from Artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles.

J Econ Entomol 93:43–47

Wang H, Jiang Z, Feng J, Zhang X (2007) Inhibitory effects of seven essential oils against Botrytis cinerea . Plant Prot 33:111–114

Wang GF, Ting ZY, Hua YM (2010) Antifeedant activity of three plant extracts including Phytolacca acinosa against Pieris rapae . J Board Plant Dis Pest 1:26–27 Weaver DK, Wells CD, Dunkel FV, Bertsch W, Sing SE,

Sriharan S (1994) Insecticidal activity of fl oral, foliar, and root extracts of Tagetes minuta (Asterales:

Asteraceae) against adult Mexican bean weevils (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Econ Entomol 87:1718–1725

Wheeler DA, Isman MB (2001) Antifeedant and toxic activity of Trichilia Americana extracts against the lar-vae of Spodoptera litura . Entomol Exp Appl 98:9–16 Wong KKY, Signal FA, Campion SH, Motion RL (2005)

Citronella as an insect repellent in food packaging.

J Agric Food Chem 53:4633–4636

© Springer India 2016 85

Vijay Veer, R. Gopalakrishnan (eds.), Herbal Insecticides, Repellents and Biomedicines:

Effectiveness and Commercialization, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2704-5_5

Microbes for Vector Mosquito