Prueba CLP - ESCUELA DE POSGRADO PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO DE MAESTRÍA EN PROBLEMAS DE APRENDIZAJE

INTRODUCCIÓN

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Iván K. Lanegra Quispe

Iván K. Lanegra Quispe EL (AUSENTE) ESTADO AMBIENTALEL (AUSENTE) ESTADO AMBIENTAL

reeja las creencias acumuladas de la sociedad a lo largo del tiempo, reeja las creencias acumuladas de la sociedad a lo largo del tiempo, y el cambio en el marco institucional suele ser un proceso gradual y el cambio en el marco institucional suele ser un proceso gradual que reeja las restricciones impuestas del pasado sobre el presente y que reeja las restricciones impuestas del pasado sobre el presente y el futuro.

el futuro. Todo esto –y más– constituye la esTodo esto –y más– constituye la estructura erigida por lostructura erigida por los seres humanos para manejar su entorno (NORTH 200: 82).

seres humanos para manejar su entorno (NORTH 200: 82).

Debemos además diferenciar a las instituciones de las

Debemos además diferenciar a las instituciones de las organizaciones.organizaciones.

Las primeras son las reglas de juego, las segundas son, junto a los Las primeras son las reglas de juego, las segundas son, junto a los individuos, los jugadores. Las organizaciones son agrupaciones de individuos, los jugadores. Las organizaciones son agrupaciones de individuos unidos por algún objetivo compartido (NORTH 200: 96).

individuos unidos por algún objetivo compartido (NORTH 200: 96).

En consecuencia, al hablar de institucionalidad ambiental estamos En consecuencia, al hablar de institucionalidad ambiental estamos

Finalmente, posee una dimensión sociocultural vinculada con la Finalmente, posee una dimensión sociocultural vinculada con la generación o presencia de una identidad colectiva. De esta manera se generación o presencia de una identidad colectiva. De esta manera se genera un nosotros en contraposición a otros países o comunidades genera un nosotros en contraposición a otros países o comunidades políticas (O´DONNELL: 150-151). Pero también las instituciones políticas (O´DONNELL: 150-151). Pero también las instituciones estatales conforman un modo de vida, un sustrato ético, como han estatales conforman un modo de vida, un sustrato ético, como han sostenido Platón y Aristóteles, y luego Tocqueville y Hegel. Las sostenido Platón y Aristóteles, y luego Tocqueville y Hegel. Las instituciones políticas inuyen sobre el carácter de las sociedades instituciones políticas inuyen sobre el carácter de las sociedades (FUKUYAMA: 3-43).

(FUKUYAMA: 3-43).

Es en este marco conceptual que hacemos referencia al Estado Es en este marco conceptual que hacemos referencia al Estado Ambiental, es decir, a la parte del Estado que, sobre la base de las dos Ambiental, es decir, a la parte del Estado que, sobre la base de las dos primeras dimensiones (burocracia y reglas formales), incide sobre la primeras dimensiones (burocracia y reglas formales), incide sobre la

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Iván K. Lanegra Quispe

Iván K. Lanegra Quispe EL (AUSENTE) ESTADO AMBIENTALEL (AUSENTE) ESTADO AMBIENTAL

de las fallas del mercado, las que impiden o dicultan que los actores de las fallas del mercado, las que impiden o dicultan que los actores puedan tomar las decisiones de relevancia ambiental más ecientes puedan tomar las decisiones de relevancia ambiental más ecientes socialmente, aquí introduciremos dos variables adicionales. Primero, socialmente, aquí introduciremos dos variables adicionales. Primero, el Estado es importante en materia ambiental pues nos encontramos el Estado es importante en materia ambiental pues nos encontramos frente a un problema de Justicia. Los problemas de inequidad no son frente a un problema de Justicia. Los problemas de inequidad no son sólo un asunto de redistribu

sólo un asunto de redistribución de la riqueza económica. ción de la riqueza económica. TambiénTambién debemos considerar la distribución de los riesgos, incluidos los debemos considerar la distribución de los riesgos, incluidos los ambientales, al interior de una sociedad. Esto es especialmente ambientales, al interior de una sociedad. Esto es especialmente relevante en países como el nuestro, en el cual tenemos a cerca de la relevante en países como el nuestro, en el cual tenemos a cerca de la mitad de la población por debajo de

mitad de la población por debajo de la línea de pobreza. Los la línea de pobreza. Los peligros,peligros, ya de por sí importantes, son más graves para los pobres, pues éstos ya de por sí importantes, son más graves para los pobres, pues éstos tienen menos capacidades para enfrentarlos y para beneciarse de tienen menos capacidades para enfrentarlos y para beneciarse de

A esto debemos agregar la situación general de debilidad del Estado A esto debemos agregar la situación general de debilidad del Estado Peruano y las dicultades que han enfrentado los últimos gobiernos Peruano y las dicultades que han enfrentado los últimos gobiernos para impulsar su reforma.

para impulsar su reforma. En resumen, tenemos un Estado AmbientalEn resumen, tenemos un Estado Ambiental débil, e incluso ausente en algunas áreas temáticas y geográcas.

débil, e incluso ausente en algunas áreas temáticas y geográcas.

Pero, si por razones de justicia, eciencia y competitividad, es Pero, si por razones de justicia, eciencia y competitividad, es necesario contar con una adecuada institucionalidad ambiental, ¿qué necesario contar con una adecuada institucionalidad ambiental, ¿qué explica que hasta el momento sigamos sin emprender una reforma de explica que hasta el momento sigamos sin emprender una reforma de las reglas formales y de las organizaciones públicas, a n de mejorar las reglas formales y de las organizaciones públicas, a n de mejorar el desempeño del Estado en dicha área? Nuestra hipótesis es que la el desempeño del Estado en dicha área? Nuestra hipótesis es que la razón fundamental estriba en la estructura de incentivos que enfrentan razón fundamental estriba en la estructura de incentivos que enfrentan los principales actores vinculados con los cambios en la política los principales actores vinculados con los cambios en la política

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In document ESCUELA DE POSGRADO PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO DE MAESTRÍA EN PROBLEMAS DE APRENDIZAJE (página 58-68)