Variable 2: Hábitos de estudio
3.2 Prueba de hipótesis
3.2.2. Prueba de hipótesis específicas Prueba de hipótesis específica 1
Computers are networked together so that they can share data. In other words, you are sharing a folder from one computer so that users at other computers on the net- work can access its information. And users on any computer can access applications, data, and user home folders wherever they connect to the network. In addition, you can use network application folders for configuring and upgrading software, thereby maintaining applications at centralized locations rather than on client computers. Each user can have his own home folder on the server, which provides a place for storing his own personal information. You can also share other resources such as printers so that users can print to a printer not directly attached to his computer. Understanding the File and Storage Services Role in Windows Server 2012 R2
Unlike the situation in Windows Server 2008, where you had to install the File Services role, the File and Storage Services role is installed by default in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, and cannot be removed. You will learn more about most of the capabilities of the File and Storage Services role in this chapter, the chapters to come, and the Cert Guide books for exams 70-411 and 70-412. Table 4-2 presents a brief summary of the more important capabilities of the File and Storage Services role and the enhancements provided by Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2:
Table 4-2 New/Updated Features for File and Storage Services in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 Feature/ Functionality Description Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012 R2 File Server Resource
Manager (FSRM)
A set of tools that enable you to manage resources used by files and folders on your server by performing such tasks as limiting the amount of space used by users, restricting the types of files being saved, and monitoring the amount of storage used. Updates to FSRM in Windows Server 2012 R2 include improvements in file classification and management, customized Access Denied messages for Windows 8/8.1 clients, and Dynamic Access Control (which helps you to control and audit access to files and folders on your server). You will learn more about FSRM
ptg14504686 Feature/ Functionality Description Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012 R2 Distributed File System (DFS)
Simplifies the logical grouping of shared resources on multiple servers by making them available within a single tree structure. Also included is DFS replication, which optimizes the synchronization of shared resources among multiple locations on your network, thereby providing load balancing and fault tolerance for user access to these resources. Enhancements for Windows Server 2012 R2 include a new Windows PowerShell module, a new DFS Replication WMI provider, faster replication when high bandwidth is available, improvements in conflict resolution and preexisting data recovery, and capabilities for rebuilding corrupted databases without data loss.
X X
Data Deduplication A new role feature that reduces the amount of duplicate blocks of data in storage. This enables you to store more data in a volume of a given size, compared to older volumes that used Single Instance Storage or NTFS file system compression. Possible improvement in data storage utilization ranges from a 2:1 ratio on general-purpose file servers up to as high as 20:1 for virtualization data, such as VHD files.
X X
Services for Network File System (NFS)
Enables file sharing among servers running Windows and UNIX. Added in Windows Server 2012 R2 is an NFS module for Windows PowerShell with several new cmdlets specific to NFS.
X X
Support for Resilient File System (ReFS)
ReFS is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 R2 that provides a cost-effective platform for maximum data availability that scales efficiently to very large data volumes. Combined with the new Storage Spaces feature, ReFS provides a highly available, scalable, and resilient data access system for modern information storage needs.
X X
Support for Server Message Block (SMB) 3.0
SMB is a network file sharing protocol that enables applications to read and write data and request information from programs on network servers. SMB applications are enabled to read and write files on the network server, and to communicate with programs configured to receive SMB client requests.
ptg14504686 Feature/ Functionality Description Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012 R2 Storage Manager for
SANs
A role feature that assists you in creating and managing physical and logical storage solutions pertaining to storage area networks (SANs) that include Fibre Channel and iSCSI disk drive subsystems.
X X
Share and Storage Management
A role feature that facilitates administration of shared resources. Included is Access-Based Enumeration, which enables the display of only those files and folders that a user is entitled to access according to share and security permissions granted to her account.
X X
Storage Pools and Storage Spaces
As discussed in Chapter 3 , Windows Server 2012 R2 includes support for the creation of Pooled Storage that can be divided into one or more Storage Spaces using Virtual Disks.
X X
Windows Search Service
A role feature that indexes files and folders to facilitate rapid searching by users when connecting to shared folders.
X X
Transactional NTFS Enables sequential operations on a file volume running NTFS to be performed as a single transaction. This means that all steps in the sequential operation must succeed for the transaction to be completed; if any step fails, the previous steps in the transaction are rolled back.
X X
Work Folders Enables users to store and access work data on personal computers, tablets, smartphones, and other devices, and access this data in a consistent manner.
X
iSCSI Target Server Using the Internet SCSI (iSCSI) standard, provides block storage to other servers and applications on the network. Improved in Windows Server 2012 to include virtual disk enhancements, manageability enhancements in cloud services, and improved optimization for disk-level caching.
ptg14504686 Creating a Shared Folder
The Shares subnode in the File and Storage Services utility simplifies the task of creating shared folders. Use the following procedure:
1. From the Server Manager Dashboard, select File and Storage Services . You see the Servers page shown in Figure 4-1 .
Figure 4-1 When you open File and Storage Services, you see the Servers page, which displays information about all servers on the network.
2. Select the Shares node from the left pane. When first opened, you are informed that there are no shares. Click the link labeled To create a file share, start the New Share Wizard. If the Shares node is not visible, select the Volumes node and then select New Share under the Tasks list. If this option is not available, select the link labeled Start the Add Roles and Features Wizard . Then follow the steps presented to install (refer to Figure 1-6 in Chapter 1 , “Introducing Windows Server 2012 R2,” for more information). After completing this procedure, the New Share task should be available under the Tasks list.
NOTE For more information on new features of File and Storage Services in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, refer to “File and Storage Services Overview” at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831487.aspx . Also see “What’s New in File Server Resource Manager” at http://
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3. After completing either of the procedures in step 2, the New Share Wizard starts with the Select the profile for this share page, as shown in Figure 4-2 . Select from one of the following options, and then click Next :
■ SMB Share–Quick: Uses SMB to provide basic file sharing with shared
folder and NTFS permissions. This is the default sharing option in Windows Server 2012 R2.
■ SMB Share–Advanced: Adds access to services provided by File Server
Resource Manager to the basic SMB sharing protocol, including con- figuration of folder owners for access-denied assistance, default classifi- cation of data, and the enabling of quotas.
■ SMB Share–Applications: Enables sharing settings used by Hyper-V,
certain databases, and many other applications.
■ NFS Share–Quick: As already mentioned, NFS is a file sharing protocol
used when sharing files with UNIX servers. This option includes basic sharing permissions.
■ NFS Share–Advanced: Adds access to services provided by File Server
Resource Manager to the basic NFS sharing protocol, similar to those mentioned for advanced SMB sharing.
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4. From the Select the server and path for this share page shown in Figure 4-3 , select the server and volume where you want to create the share, and then click Next .
Figure 4-3 Selecting the server and disk volume on which the share is to be created.
5. On the Specify share name page, type the desired name for the shared folder (for example, Documents , as shown in Figure 4-4 ). Then click Next .
ptg14504686 Figure 4-4 Specifying the name of the shared folder.
6. On the Configure share settings page shown in Figure 4-5 , select options for access-based enumeration, offline file caching, and data encryption as desired; then click Next .
ptg14504686 Figure 4-5 The Configure share settings page enables you to select additional file sharing
options.
7. On the Specify permissions to control access page, click Customize
permissions if you want to modify the default permissions. Shared folder per- missions are discussed later in this section. When finished, click Next .
8. The Confirm selections page provides a summary of the options you’ve con- figured. Review these options and click Previous if you need to modify them. When finished, click Create to create the shared folder.
9. You are informed that the share has been created. Click Close to finish the wizard and return to Server Manager, which now displays the shared folder in the right pane.
Using the Network and Sharing Center to Configure File Sharing
First introduced in Windows Vista and Server 2008 and continued in Windows 7, 8, 8.1, and Windows Server 2012/R2, the Network and Sharing Center, shown in Figure 4-6 , brings all networking tasks together in a single convenient location. You can configure connections to other computers and networks; share folders, printers, and media; view devices on your network; set up and manage network connections; and troubleshoot problems from this location.
ptg14504686 Figure 4-6 The Network and Sharing Center provides a centralized location for configuring
network properties.
You can open the Network and Sharing Center by using any of the following methods:
■ In the Search charm, type network and sharing in the Search text box. Then select Network and Sharing Center from the list that appears.
■ In the Settings charm or the Start screen, select Control Panel . On the
Control Panel home page, click Network and Internet , and then click Network and Sharing Center or View network status and tasks . ■ Right-click Start and select Control Panel . Then proceed as previously
stated.
From the Network and Sharing Center, you can perform actions related to the sharing of resources on your computer with others on the network. Click Change advanced sharing settings to obtain the Advanced sharing settings dialog box shown in Figure 4-7 . Among other networking options, you can specify the fol- lowing file-sharing options (note that the available options depend on the network profile in use):
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Figure 4-7 The Advanced sharing settings dialog box enables you to configure several global file and folder sharing settings.
■ Network discovery: Enables the computer to locate other computers and devices on the network and enables these computers to locate your computer. It is expected that you would never turn this option off on a server.
■ File and printer sharing: Enables the Standard Folder Sharing model, thereby allowing others on the network to access shared files on your com- puter and print from printers attached to your computer. This is the normal sharing model used by servers and will be discussed in detail later in this section.
■ Public folder sharing: Enables the Public Folder sharing model, thereby allowing others on the network to access files in your Public folders of each Windows library (Documents, Pictures, Videos, and Music). This is a sim- plified folder sharing model that is not normally used on a server-based computer.
■ Password protected sharing: Increases security by limiting access of shared files and printers to only those who have a user account and password on your computer. You would normally keep this option turned on at a server.
ptg14504686 Sharing Files, Folders, and Printers
Shared folders are folders on the local hard drive that other users on a network can connect to. For the exam, it is critical that you understand how to manage and troubleshoot connections to shared resources, how to create new shared resources, and how to set permissions on shared resources. The process that Windows Server 2012 R2 uses to share folders is that an administrator selects a folder, regardless of its location in the local folder hierarchy, and shares it through the Sharing tab of the folder’s Properties dialog box.
To share files with other users across the network, you must manually do so for each folder containing the files that you want to share. To share a folder with other net- work users, use the following procedure:
1. In File Explorer, navigate to the folder, right-click it, select Share with , and then click Specific people . The File Sharing dialog box opens, as shown in Figure 4-8 .
Figure 4-8 The File Sharing dialog box enables you to choose those you want to share a file with.
2. Type the name of a user with whom you want to share the folder, and then click Add . The name appears in the Name list with a default permission level of Read.
3. To share with another user, repeat step 2 as many times as required. When finished, click Share .
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4. To modify the permission assigned to a user, click that user and select either Read or Read/Write , as desired. To remove a user from the list, click the user and select Remove . When done, click Share to apply your changes.
To remove a shared folder, right-click the folder and select Share with > Stop sharing .
Modifying Shared Folder Properties
When sharing files and folders with other users across a network, your computer becomes vulnerable to both unintentional and intentional attacks. Not only can the data simply be viewed for malicious purposes, such as corporate spying, but it also can be altered or destroyed on purpose or accidentally. For this reason alone, you should always grant the most restrictive permissions necessary for a network user to conduct work on those files. Granting just enough permission without being too lenient requires careful consideration. If you are too stringent, users can’t get their jobs done. If you are too lenient, the data is at risk.
Use the following procedure to modify shared folder properties:
1. In a File Explorer window, right-click the shared folder and select Properties .
2. Click the Sharing tab (see Figure 4-9 ).
Figure 4-9 The Sharing tab of a folder’s Properties dialog box enables you to modify shared folder properties.
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3. Click Advanced Sharing . The Advanced Sharing dialog box shown in Figure 4-10 appears. This dialog box provides the options that are summarized in Table 4-3 .
Table 4-3 Shared Folder Options in Windows Server 2012 R2 Option Description
Share this folder Click to start sharing the folder.
Share name This is the folder name that remote users will employ to connect to the share. It will appear in a user’s File Explorer window, or the user can access it by typing \\ computername \sharename at the Run command or in the address bar of an Explorer window.
Comments This information is optional and identifies the purpose or contents of the shared folder. The comment appears in the Map Network Drive dialog box when remote users are browsing shared folders on a server. User limit This sets the number of remote users who can connect to a shared
resource simultaneously, reducing network traffic. For Windows Server 2012 R2, the limit is set to 77216 by default.
Permissions Permissions can be assigned to individual users, groups, or both. When a directory (folder) is shared, you can grant each user and each group one of the three types of permissions for the share and all of its subdirectories and files or choose to specifically deny them those permissions.
Caching Enables offline access to a shared folder. Available settings in the Offline Settings dialog box are discussed later in this chapter.
Figure 4-10 The Advanced Sharing dialog box enables you to configure several properties of shared folders.
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4. To add another share name, click Add under the Share name section. (If this command button is dimmed, ensure that the Share this folder option is selected and click Apply .) An additional share name enables users to access the shared folder under this name. Type the required share name. You can also change the maximum number of simultaneously accessing users with this share name. To do so, type the required number or use the arrows to select a number. In Windows Server 2012 R2, the maximum number of users is set to 16777 by default. When finished, click OK .
5. To change shared folder permissions, click Permissions . This displays the Permissions for (folder name) dialog box shown in Figure 4-11 . By default, the creator of the share receives Full Control permission and other users receive the Read permission. Click Add to add another user or group and then modify this user’s permissions as desired. Click OK when finished. Table 4-4 describes the available shared folder permissions.
Table 4-4 Shared Folder Permissions Permission Description
Full Control Users are allowed to perform any task on the folder or its constituent files, including modifying their individual attributes and permissions used by others accessing them.
Change Users are allowed to view and modify files but not change the attributes of the shared folder itself. This is equivalent to Read/Write, as described earlier in this section.
Permission Description
Read Users are allowed to view but not modify files.
TIP If you select permissions from the Deny column, you are explicitly denying access to that user or group. Such an explicit denial overrides any other permis- sions allowed to this group. Remember this fact if users experience problems accessing any shared resources across the network.
ptg14504686 Figure 4-11 The Permissions for (folder name) dialog box enables you to configure
permissions that apply to users accessing the folder across the network.
6. To set granular security permissions on the folder, click the Security tab of the folder’s Properties dialog box and modify the settings in the dialog box shown in Figure 4-12 as required. These permissions apply to everyone access- ing the folder either locally or across the network; more restrictive permissions configured here override those configured from the Sharing tab. These set- tings are discussed later in this chapter.
ptg14504686 Figure 4-12 The Security tab of a folder’s Properties dialog box enables you to configure
granular permissions for users and groups accessing the folder.
7. When you are finished, click Close to close the Properties dialog box. You can also click Apply to apply your changes and continue making modifications.
Mapping a Drive
Mapping a network drive means associating a shared folder on another computer