PRUEBAS Y RESULTADOS

HEALTH,FIRST AID I I AUTOMATION 2 2 S.HIP CONSTRUCTION I I MANOEUVRING I I METEOROLOGY I I ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2 2 PART I I.

NAVIGATION & INSTRUMENTS - -

PASSAGE PLANING - —

CARGO HANDLING - -

RULES OF THE ROAD 10 A

PROPULSION SYSTEMS - • - AUXILLARY SYSTEMS - - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING A 10 PART III. THESIS 3 3 ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS 3 3

111.CERTIFICATION.

AT THE END OF THE FOURTH YEAR AND AFTER A FINAL EXAMINA­ TION STUDENTS ARE GRANTED A 2nd MATE CERTIFICATE OF

COMPETENCY AS DECK OFFICERS AND A 3rd ENGINEER CERTIFICA­ TE BY THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT,WHILE THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ISSUES A CERTIFICATE OF HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TO A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

DEGREE.

IV.FROM FIRST CERTIFICATE UP TO MASTER CERTIFICATE.

TO OBTAIN A MASTER CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY THERE IS NO FURTHER EDUCATION OR EXAMINATION REQUIRED.ONLY SEA-TIME HAS TO BE COMPLETED IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER:

-AFTER TWO YEARS SEA-SERVICE FROM THE TIME A 2nd MATE CERTIFICATE WAS ISSUED,A 1st MATE CERTIFICATE OF

‘COMPETENCY IS THEREFORE DELIVERED.

-AFTER TWO YEARS SEA-SERVICE FROM THE TIME A 1st MATE CERTIFICATE WAS ISSUED,A MASTER FOREIGN-GOING CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY IS GRANTED.HOWEVER,IT IS REQUIRED TO GO THROUGH A RADAR/NAVIGATION COURSE OF TWO WEEKS DURATION BEFORE A MASTER CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED.

NEW STRUCTURE OF NAUTICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF MASTER MARINERS IN THE NETHERLANDS completion of 11 years general education.

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I M A i U r r X E O U C A t T X O M X M F " R AiM C E : I . GES'IERAL INTRODUCTI O N .

TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FRANCE IS EXCLUSIVELY CARRIED OUT AND DIRECTLY CONTROLLED BY THE STATE THROUGH THE

INTERMEDIARY OF THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE IN CHARGE OF THE SEA.

TRAINING OF SEAFARERS FOR THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY IS ON AN EQUIVALENT LEVEL TO THAT PROVIDED TO THE OTHER INDUS­ TRIES. IT TAKES,THUS,INTO ACCOUNT THE NECESSITY OF PROVI­ DING HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL TO ENSURE THE PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MERCHANT VESSELS AND THE NEED TO MAKE A MARITIME CAREER WHICH WILL PERMIT

SEAFARERS TO QUALIFY FOR EMPLOYMENT ASHORE AFTER A CER­ TAIN PERIOD OF SEA-SERVICE.

THIS CONCEPT OF MARITIME TRAINING,WHICH RESPONDS TO THE NECESSITY OF ENSURING IN THE COMMON INTEREST OF SHIPOW­ NERS AND SEAFARERS,A BETTER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JHE MARITIME PROFESSION AND THE GENERAL LABOUR SUPPLY AND TO FACILITATE EMPLOYMENT ASHORE FOR SEAFARERS HAS LED TO THE PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW REGULATION

REGARDING TRAINING OF SEAFARERS.

THE NEW TRAINING SYSTEM CREATES A SINGLE TYPE OF TRAINING FOR OFFICERS OF WHOM MASTERS WILL ALSO HAVE QUALIFI­

CATIONS TO OPERATE AND MANAGE A SHIP ENGINE-ROOM.

THIS DUAL-PURPOSE TRAINING HAS LED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF SEPARATE CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY FOR DECK AND ENGI­ NEER OFFICERS.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SEAFARERS' TRAINING INSTITUTIONS. THE NATIONAL MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMIES WHICH ARE IN CHAR­ GE OF TRAINING OFFICERS ONLY ARE SPREAD OVER THE COUNTRY AND CONSTITUTE A NETWORK OF MODERN SCHOOLS WHICH PROVIDE A MARITIME TRAINING ADAPTED TO THE NEEDS OF THE SHIPPING

INDUSTRY.

THEY GIVE FUTURE OFFICERS A THEORETICAL AND’ PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION IN THE OPERATION,MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF ALL COMPLICATED EQUIPMENT FOUND ON BOARD MERCHANT VESSELS AND WHICH THEY ARE CALLED UPON TO USE,

THE MARITIME APPRENTICESHIP SCHOOLS WHICH EDUCATE AND TRAIN RATINGS ARE ADMINISTERED BY AN ASSOCIATION

COMPOSED OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT,SHIPOWNERS AND SEAFARERS' ORGANIZATIONS.

THE INSTRUCTION GIVEN AT THE APPRENTICESHIP SCHOOLS HAS A CHARACTER ANALOGOUS TO THE CONDITIONS OF WORK AND LIFE ON BOARD SHIPS.TRAINEES,BESIDES THEIR EDUCATIONAL

PROGRAMME,ARE TAUGHT HABITS OF DISCIPLINE AND CALLED ON ’TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY WHICH ARE BOTH

ESSENTIAL TO AN EFFICIENT SHIPBOARD RATING.

11-CERTIFICATION.

THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE IN CHARGE OF THE SEA IS RESPON­ SIBLE FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF ALL FRENCH SEAFARERS. HOWEVER,CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY ISSUED TO MARINE OFFICERS ARE OF TWO KINDS;

-ONE FOR THEORETICAL STUDIES INDICATING THE LEVEL OF

KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED DURING SHORE-BASED TRAINING.THIS FIRST CERTIFICATE,WHICH IS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY,INTITLES THE HOLDER TO SIGN ON AS AN APPRENTICE-OFFICER.

-THE SECOND CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED BY THE COMPETENT MARITIME ADMINISTRATION AFTER A CERTAIN -PERIOD OF SEA- SERVICE. IT INDICATES THAT TRAINEES HAVE ACQUIRED THE NECESSARY EXPERIENCE ON BOARD MERCHANT VESSELS AND THEREFORE GIVES A CERTAIN FORM OF GUARANTEE TO THE

QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE TO PERFORM THEIR DUTIES. THESE CERTIFICATES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EQUIVALENT TO A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE WHICH IS NORMALLY DELIVERED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION.HOWEVER,THIS EQUIVALENCE OF CERTIFICATES HAS AT THIS MOMENT NOT BEEN OFFICIALLY

DECIDED.

THE FOLLOWING CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY ARE ISSUED FOR OFFICERS OF OCEAN-GOING VESSELS:

-MASTER FIRST CLASS -MASTER SECOND CLASS -OFFICER TECHNICIAN -NAVIGATING OFFICER

I 11.TRAINING OF DEEP-SEA'MASTERS,FIRST CLASS.

A RADICAL CHANGE HAS OCCURED TO THE FRENCH SYSTEM OF MARITIME EDUCATION.PRIOR TO 1967,MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING WAS OF TRADITIONAL NATURE.TRAINEES WERE SPECIA­ LISED EITHER ON THE DECK OR IN THE ENGINE-ROOM DEPART­ MENT . NEVERTHELESS , DUE TO THE ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY WHERE­ BY LARGER AND SOPHISTICATED VESSELS WERE DESIGNED,THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION,THE NEED FOR SHIPOWNERS TO CUT THE OPERATING COSTS THROUGH THE REDUCTION OF THE MANNING SCALE AND THE NECESSITY TO HAVE HIGHLY QUALIFIED MARINE

PERSONNEL,THE FRENCH AUTHORITIES DECIDED IN 1967 TO INTRODUCE A NEW SYSTEM OF MARITIME EDUCATION.SINCE THEN, THE TRAINING OF OFFICERS IS DONE AT TWO LEVELS:

LEVEL I: IT IS THE HIGHEST LEVEL CORRESPONDING WITH THE STREAM FOR MASTERS FIRST CLASS OF THE MERCHANT NAVY.ITS MAIN CHARACTERISTIC IS A DUAL TRAINING FOR BRIDGE AND ENGINE FUNCTIONS.THE OFFICERS CAN THEREFORE WORK EITHER,

ON THE BRIDGE OR IN THE ENGINE-ROOM

-LEVEL II:THE EDUCATION IS GIVEN IN TWO STREAMS,EITHER DECK OR ENGINE AND FROM THERE TRAINEES CAN REACH THE DUAL TRAINING SYSTEM.THIS TYPE OF TRAINING CONCERNS;

- THE OFFICER TECHNICIAN COT) FOR THE ENGINE-ROOM.

- THE NAVIGATING OFFICER (OCQ!) FOR THE BRIDGE DEPARTMENT. BOTH OF THEM MAY BECOME MASTER SECOND CLASS (C2NM.1 OF THE MERCHANT NAVY AND WILL HAVE THE DUAL FUNCTION OF BRIDGE AND ENGINE-ROOM OFFICER.

AS MY PAPER IS MAINLY DIRECTED TOWARDS THE TRAINING OF DEEP-SEA MASTERS,! WILL THEREFORE CONCENTRATE ON THE FIRST TYPE OF TRAINING,THAT IS TO SAY,THE LEVEL I OF THE FRENCH SYSTEM.

THE TRAINING OF MASTERS FIRST CLASS OF THE FRENCH MER­ CHANT NAVY IS REGULATED BY' THE ACT 34A5 OF OCTOBER

7,1985.IT STIPULATES THAT THIS TYPE OF TRAINING IS TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE

SUCCESSFULLY PASSED THE SECONDARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION (BACCALAUREATE C) AND REACHED THE AGE OF SEVENTEEN. HOWEVER,CANDIDATES SHOULD NOT BE OLDER THAN 23.BESIDES THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF .HEALTH,SIGHT AND HEARING CANDI­

DATES ARE REQUESTED TO GO THROUGH AN ENTRANCE EXAMINATION WHICH IS HELD ON A NATIONAL LEVEL.

THE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION SUBJECTS ARE GIVEN BELOW;