2 Caracterización del sector PyME
2.3 Las PyME conforme a la Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)
The Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a critical initiative that globally coordinates actions to halt biodiversity loss, with currently 196 nations as parties. In 2001, parties pledged in the VI Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity “to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss” (Decision VI/26). Although this initiative attracted a considerable amount of attention and activity (Sarukh´an et al.,2005), for many regions the absence and the difficulty in accessing relevant information was an im-pediment to the implementation and fulfilment of the 2010’s CBD goals (Leadley et al., 2010;
Sober´on and Peterson,2009).
Given these difficulties, for 2011-2020, during Conference of the Parties in 2010 (COP10), new and more multifaceted goals were proposed, internationally, to improve the guiding deci-sions on where to conserve or prioritise conservation efforts - the “Aichi Biodiversity Targets”.
The 20 biodiversity targets are intended to reduce the loss of species and natural habitats and safeguard ecosystem services, while also improving funding, planning and knowledge of the world’s biodiversity. Moreover, the CBD’s new strategic goals contemplate country-level tar-gets, adapted to each country’s knowledge of its biodiversity and its conservation status. The primary instruments for implementing this convention are the “National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan” (NBSAP). The convention requires countries not only to prepare the NBSAP but also streamline it to other sectors.
Legal instruments and international commitments
The first legislation for the protection of soil, flora and fauna in Mozambique was drawn during the Portuguese colonial administration (Decree nº 40 040 of 20 January 1955). By this decree, the government could create conservation areas, namely: National Parks, Integrated Natural Reserves, Partial Reserves, Special Reserves, Forest Reserves, and Zones under the regime of
Special Vigilance. During the colonial government, the Veterinary Department was responsible for protected areas and wildlife.
Soon after the first national elections, in 1997, following the commitment to Convention on Biological Diversity, a National Strategy and Action Plan for the conservation of biodiversity was prepared aiming to restore and manage a representative system of areas for the protection of habitats and maintenance of viable wildlife populations (MICOA, 1997). Until this landmark, only seven per cent of the country was formally under conservation areas while most of them lacked effective protection (Virtanen, 2002). Gradually, over time, conservation areas were rehabilitated, and new legislation and policies were implemented.
A broader legal framework for the environment and conservation was created, including the Land Act (Law 19/1997), the Environment Act (Law 20/1997), the Fisheries Act (Law 3/1990), and the Forest and Wildlife Act (Law 10/1999). This framework also comprises a series of regulations associated with those laws (e.g. Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment, Regulation on Forest and Wildlife). More recently, the Conservation Act (Law 16/2014) was approved in order to bring biodiversity conservation issues under a single and integrated legal instrument (Biofund, 2014). The law calls for a national system of protected areas, which consists of (1) management bodies of conservation areas, (2) funding mechanisms for conservation areas, and (3) a national network of conservation areas.
In 2015, following COP10, Mozambique’s authorities produced a first NBSAP for 20 years (2015-2035). National strategic goals and targets are presented in Table1.2. The strategy was built on the following vision: ”In 2035, the ecological, socioeconomic and cultural value of bio-diversity in Mozambique will contribute directly to improve the quality of life of Mozambicans, derived from its integrated management, conservation and fair and equitable use” (MITADER, 2015).
Presently, Mozambique is a signatory of several other international conventions relevant to the conservation of biodiversity. Among these are: the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Resolution 18/81), the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES, Resolution 20/81), the Bamako Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (resolution 8/93), the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, Resolution 1/94), the Convention on the Protection, Management and Development and Marine coastal East Africa Region (Resolution 17/96), and the Convention on Combating Drought and Desertification (UNCCD, Resolution 20/96).
Table 1.2: Summary of the strategic goals and national targets established by Mozambique as required by the Convention for Biological Diversity and adapted from the first NBSAP produced since COP-10 (MITADER,2015).
Strategic goals and national targets
A Reduce the direct and indirect causes of degradation and loss of biodiversity
1 The latest, by 2020, increase by 30% the level of awareness of the Mozambican population about the values of biodiversity and the impacts that human activity can cause.
2 By 2020, there should be a better understanding of the value (economic, social and ecological) of biodiversity, to allow better integration in the decision-making and management.
3 By 2025, adopt and effectively implement policies and legal instruments for preventing and mitigating the impacts of human activities likely to cause degradation of biodiversity.
4 By 2025, define ecologically sustainable systems for production and consumption based on sustainable practices and adequate investment.
5 By 2035, reduce by at least 20% the area of critical ecosystems, or that provide essential goods and services under degradation and fragmentation.
6 By 2025, have at least 30% of habitats of endemic and threatened flora and fauna species with strategies and action plans for their conservation in place.
7 By 2020, catalogue/systematize, disseminate and encourage sustainable management practices in agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, forestry and wildlife.
8 By 2025, reduce pollution levels at critical locations and ecosystems by 20%.
9 By 2025, reduce in at least 10% the area of occurrence of invasive species and establish strategies for managing the impacts.
10 By 2035, put at least 20% critically affect ecosystems by climate change under adaptive ecosystem management.
B Improve the status of biodiversity by preserving the diversity of ecosystems, habitats, species and genes
11 A
By 2025, evaluate and redefine 75% of current conservation areas, and include, formally, 100% of the Afromontane endemism centres (altitude >1.500m) and up to 5% of marine ecosystems and mountain in conservation areas.
11 B By 2030, manage effectively and equitably, 50% of the protected areas.
12
By 2035, rehabilitate at least 15% of the degraded ecosystems /habitats, restoring their biodiversity and ensuring its sustainability, intending to mitigate the effects of climate change and combat desertification.
13
By 2030, complete the characterization and cataloguing the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and domestic animals and their threatened ancestors in natural habitats, including species of socio-economic and cultural value and defining strategies for their conservation.
C Improve the benefits sharing from biodiversity and ecosystem services for all sectors of the Mozambican society 14 By 2030, create and integrate the national accounts a payment mechanism for environmental
goods and services to promote fair, equitable and sustainable use of biological diversity.
15 By 2025, knowing and strengthen the contribution of biodiversity to increase the stock of carbon to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
16 By 2020, implement national legislation on access and benefit-sharing from the use of biodiversity and genetic resources.
D Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and training
17 By 2020, the sectors involved in biodiversity issues must develop, based on national targets, sectoral goals, integrate them into sectoral plans, and start implementing it.
18 By 2035, value and respect the knowledge and traditional uses of biodiversity, following national legislation.
19 By 2035, strengthen the capacity of key stakeholders and improve the integration of gender issues, to enable the effective implementation of national targets.
20 By 2020, strengthen national and international partnerships and establish innovative mechanisms for financing and support biodiversity programs.
Conservation areas: network and management
Mozambique’s conservation areas network, as established by the Conservation Act (Law 16/2014), comprises total protection areas and sustainable conservation areas, some publicly managed parks and reserves and others privately managed such as hunting reserves and game farms (MI-TADER, 2015). Total protection areas include integral nature reserves; national parks; and cultural and natural monuments. Sustainable conservation areas include special reserves,
envi-ronmental protection areas, official game reserves, community conservation areas, sanctuaries, game farms, and municipal ecological parks.
The network of conservation areas is currently composed of seventeen national parks and national reserves plus several forest reserves, community reserves and official hunting areas (Figure 1.6). In recent years three National Reserves, a National Park and several game re-serves and hunting concessions (Coutadas) and community conservation areas were created.
Consequently, the total area for biodiversity conservation in Mozambique has increased sig-nificantly, currently covering 26% of the country’s land area. In addition, five trans-frontier areas and parks - Great Limpopo, Lubombo, Niassa-Selous, Zimoza and Chimanimani - were established concomitantly with conservation areas in Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania (MITADER,2015;PPF,2016).
Conservation areas are managed by the State, through a designated Ministry, which is ac-countable for establishing appropriate mechanisms to ensure the participation of public, private and community entities in the management of conservation areas. Currently, the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER - Minist´erio da Terra, Ambiente e De-senvolvimento Rural) is the entity in charge (Presidential decree n.º 1/2015 de 16 de Janeiro).
The National Administration for Conservation Areas (ANAC - Administrac¸˜ao Nacional das Areas de Conservac¸˜ao) is, in turn, the entity responsible for safeguarding the management´ of the conservation areas and the conservation of biodiversity, among other responsibilities.
The Conservation Act also established a funding mechanism for biodiversity conservation: the Foundation for the Conservation of Biodiversity (BIOFUND). This foundation should support the conservation of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural re-sources, including the consolidation of the national system of conservation areas (Conservation Act - Law 16/2014;Biofund,2014).