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Leadership has been defined by Betts, as the capacity to energies a group. That is the ability to persuade others to defined objectives enthusiastically. It has been observed that the trait and contingency theories indicate such things as intelligence, decisiveness and style.

A number of factors have been identified to influence leadership effectiveness or otherwise, among which include:

(i) Perceptual Accuracy

According to McGregor (1985), perception plays a role in leadership. He stressed that

“Managers who misperceive employees may miss the opportunity to achieve optimal results. If you believe someone is Lazy, you tend to treat him or her as a lazy person”. So how the leader perceives his worker may go a long way affect performance of the

organization.

(ii) Background Experiernce And Personality (a) Leader:

The background and experience of the leader affect the choice of leadership style. For example, a leader who had practiced successfully the relationship oriented approached is mostly like to continue the use of the style.

A leader’s behaviour in any instance will be influenced greatly by the many forces operating within his personality. He will perceive his operating within his personality.

He will perceive his leadership problems on a basis of his background, knowledge and experience.

Bar Tad et al (1978) have explained the personality traits as the aggregate

characteristics that define a unique individual which include physical, biological and psychological traits and are subject to change from birth to death.

(b) Followers

Followers have been perceived as important in the leader’s choice of style. A leader with technically sound followers is best advised to be more participative than autocratic. But in a situation whereby the followers are in experienced, an autocratic style might be preffered.

(iii) Supervisor Expectations and Style

Generally supervisors prefer a leadership style that places them in a comfortable condition. A leader or supervisor who prefers a job-centered, autocratic, encourages followers to adopt the same thing.

(iv) Task Understanding

What is to be done is referred to as the task of an individual or a group ‘Donnelly (1992:409) pointed out that a “task” has a group of properties. The physical properties involve stimuli surrounding the job, which in turn may be, a set of instruction from management or the way employee interprets. The behavioural properties include the requirements or kinds of responses expected of a person performing the task.

(v) Peer Expectation

Leaders form relationships with other leaders, these peer relationships are used to exchanges ideas, opinions, experiences and suggestions.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 2

Identify and explain the factors which can influence leadership effectiveness.

4.0 CONCLUSION

The foregoing analysis has enabled you to appreciate the fact that leadership involves process of influencing subordinates or followers toward the achievement of group goals.

There are various styles which a leader can use to prod the subordinates to perform, and as discussed above, they include autocratic, democratic, paternalistic, and leissez faire.

The various classical theories onfleadership were also discussed in this unit. Such theories have been discussed to throw light on the fact that some leaders are born while others are made out of prevailing situation. The last issue we discussed in this unit has to do with the factors that affect the effectiveness of a leader in any organization.

5.0 SUMMARY

This study unit has been used to discuss:

The meaning and nature of leadership.

Stlyes of leadership which include autocratic, democratic, paternalistic, and leissez faire.

Classical theories of leadership which include trait theory, situational or contingency theory, the Ohio state, theory, the Michigan studies, path-goal theory, achievement-oriented leadership, leader style theory, tridimensional leadership effectiveness theory, and transformational leadership theory

Factors influencing leadership effectiveness such as perceptual accuracy, background experiernce and personality, supervisor expectations and style, task understanding, and peer expectation.

In the next study unit, you will be taken through organizational structure.

6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Mention and explain the classical theories of leadership.

Answers to Self Assessment Exercise

1. Types Of Leadership Styles include the following:

a) Autocratic Leadership Style b) Democratic Leadership Style c) Paternalistic Leadership Style

d) Laissez Faire or Free Rein Leadership Style

2. The factors which can influence leadership effectiveness include the following:

(i) Perceptual Accuracy

(ii) Background Experience and Personality (iii) Supervisor Expectations and Style (iv) Task Understanding

(v) Peer Expectation

7.0 REFERENCES

Akpala, A. (1990). Management: An Introduction and the Nigerian Perspective, Lagos:

Fourth Dimension Publishers.

Altman, S.S. Hodgets & Valezi, E. (1985). OrganisationaI Behaviour: Theory and Practice, Florida: Academic press Inc.

Betts, P. W. (1991). Supervisory studies. A managerial perspective, London: Pitman Publishing.

Donnelley, J. (1992). Fundamentals of Management, New York: Richard D Irwin Inc.

Hampton, D. (1980). Contemporary Management, Tokyo: McGrew Hill.

Keith, D. (1972). Human Behaviour at Work, New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.

Koontz, H. & Weihrich, H. (1994). Management: A Global perspective, New York:

McGraw Hill International Editions.

Robins, S.P. (1989). Organizational Behaviour: Concept, Controversies and Applications, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International.

FURTHER READING

Hersey, P. & Kenneth, H..B. (1988). Management of Organization Behaviour, Eagle Wood Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

UNIT 11: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE