Racak y la Conferencia de Rambouillet (enero-marzo de 1999)

The important item here is periodic client or user feedback to the project personnel providing SCADA systems and to the maintenance people supporting SCADA systems that the SCADA system is satisfying operations requirements.

Timely response from CTD is required when operations reports that communica-tions failures exist. Restart and availability data should be reviewed periodically and compared to targets. Communications availability data should be reviewed peri-odically and compared to targets.

Alarm limits (especially leak detection) need to be reviewed periodically to ensure they are set appropriately. False alarms due to field instrumentation errors or due to lack of calibration need to be minimized to maintain dispatcher confidence in the SCADA systems. Dispatcher notes need to be maintained to supplement project delivered documentation whenever SCADA system changes are made impacting the way dispatchers operate.

Abstract

This section discusses the methods and practices of pipeline construction on land. It presents brief descriptions of pipelining activities from grading to cleanup. Within these descriptions are recommendations, tips, and hints on ways to obtain a better product. It covers safety and general installation considerations, welding practices, treatment of coatings, crossings and appurtences, and guidelines on contract admin-istration and construction planning and organization activities.

Contents Page

610 Safety 600-3

620 General Installation 600-4

621 Construction Reconnaissance 622 Front-End Operations

623 Clearing and Grading, Trench Excavation, and Padding 624 Pipe Stringing, Bending, Lineup, and Welding

625 Coating

626 Lowering-In, Backfilling, Grade Restoration, and Cleanup

627 Tie-Ins and Weld Repairs, Cathodic Protection Test Stations, Line Markers 628 Revegetation

629 Timing of Spread Operations

630 Welding 600-17

631 Regulations and Codes

632 Welding Procedure Qualifications 633 Welder Qualification

634 Weld Repairs 635 Arc Burns

636 Field Welding and Construction Conditions

640 Coatings and Linings 600-26

650 Crossings 600-26

660 Appurtenances 600-28

670 Field Supervision Organization 600-29

680 Construction and Construction Service Contracts 600-30 681 Contracting Plan

682 Pipeline Construction Contracts

683 Contracts for Supplemental Personnel Services

690 References 600-32

Note Note on Regulations, Codes, and Construction Specifications

The Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Parts 192 and 195, and ANSI/ASME Codes B31.4 and B31.8 contain sections pertaining to pipeline construction methods. State regulations may have further requirements. Many sections of these codes give general guidelines with few specific requirements. The Company construction specification should incorporate all relevant regulation and code requirements as well as Company specifications for the particular pipeline project.

If field changes are made that deviate from or supplement provisions in the construction specification, Company field personnel should refer to federal and state regulations and the ANSI/ASME codes to ensure compliance.

Note Note on Terminology

The pipeline right-of-way on a property has a specified width within which the Company has the right to construct and maintain one (or possibly more) pipelines with appurtenances. Payments are made to landowners for this right, and to land-owners or tenants for all damages resulting from construction or maintenance both within and outside the defined width of a right-of-way.

Construction forces commonly use the term right-of-way to describe the full construction working strip needed for construction of the line, very often a greater width than the actual right-of-way. The contractor should not encroach on lands outside the agreed working area.

A pipeline spread is a single complete construction operation engaged in installing all or part of the line. Accordingly, a long line may be constructed by a single spread if time allows, or by two or more spreads (by the same or different contrac-tors) proceeding concurrently on separate sections of the system.

A pipe joint is a separate length of pipe, usually about 40 feet or 60 feet long, as shipped from the mill, A double-joint is made by welding two joints together at a field double-jointing yard before the pipe is strung along the pipeline route. A field joint is a field-applied corrosion coating over the uncoated (cut-back) ends of plant-coated pipe at the weld joining two pipe joints.

610 Safety

Construction contracts, practices, and procedures must incorporate safety require-ments to protect:

• Company and contractor personnel and equipment

• Pipeline facilities under construction

• Facilities of the Company and others lying within and adjacent to the pipeline right-of-way and construction working area

• Landowners, tenants and property, livestock, and crops on lands the pipeline crosses

• The public, their property and lands

Specific construction operations and hazards that are likely to need particular atten-tion are:

• Excavation sloping and shoring

• Blasting

• Radiation sources (welding and radiography)

• Grass and brush fires

• Work over water

• Crossing roads, pipelines, cables, overhead power, and telephone lines

• Parallel existing pipelines

• Testing and dewatering

Company and contractor operations must comply with federal, state and local regu-lations. Construction and service contractor compliance with these regulations is required by contract terms and conditions. It is a responsibility of the Company field organization to monitor and ensure the contractor’s compliance, but it is impor-tant that the proper contractual relationship be maintained in giving directives and instructions to contractors.

Regulations and standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) apply to construction activities. If pipelines cross lands subject to the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) pipeline construction work must comply with its regulations even though not a mining activity.

Pipeline construction work is generally classified as a peculiar risk under the law.

Industrial injuries can be severe and can expose the Company to significant liability. Recent court decisions (Jimenez, 1986) have held that an owner may be liable if a contractor’s employee is injured and the owner makes no effort to warn of the risk involved.

Before construction activities begin the Company field construction organization should develop and subsequently maintain:

• An accident-prevention program for the field organization, including appro-priate safety and first-aid equipment, periodic safety meetings, and safety bulle-tins

• List of doctors and hospitals, with names, addresses, and telephone numbers to be called in event of any injury—for both Company and contractor personnel

• Arrangements for ambulance services and helicopter or air transport as appro-priate

• Fire-fighting procedures, with list of contacts for local fire-fighting agencies

• Contact and procedures with Underground Service Alert Center or equivalent agency coordinating information on underground facilities

• List of contacts for companies and agencies controlling facilities such as pipe-lines, power and telephone pipe-lines, highways, railroads, irrigation systems, and waterways

• Procedures for dealing with damage to oil and gas pipelines and resulting spills

• Procedures for preparation and distribution of accident and incident reports to the Company and authorities including notification to Company management in cases of serious incidents

• Procedure for dealing with a bomb threat or similar event

Company and contractor communication systems are vital in emergency situations, and field personnel should be fully informed regarding use of communication equip-ment and facilities. Where construction is in the vicinity of an Operating Company pipeline system, key construction personnel should have mobile radios with the same frequency as the operating system dispatcher. Field personnel should have a directory of personnel to be contacted for various types of emergencies.

Early consultation with an environmental/safety engineer of the local Operating Company is recommended, with intermittent reviews during the construction period.