Racismo, Identidad e Interculturalidad

4.3.4.1 Training Using the Cross Entropy Loss

6JGTG KU CPQVJGT KPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH VJG VCTIGV UKIPCN YJKEJ YCU KPVTQFWEGF HQT VTCKPKPI D[ OKPKOK\KPI VJG USWCTGF GTTQT NQUU 6JCV KU VJGVJ EQORQPGPV QH VJG

VCTIGV UKIPCN ECP DG EQPUKFGTGF VJG C RQUVGTKQTK RTQDCDKNKV[ QH ENCUU YJKEJ KU TGR

TGUGPVGF CU VJG OWNVKPQOKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP YJGTG VJG RTQDCDKNKV[ QH DGNQPIKPI VQ C

EQTTGEV ENCUU KU QPG CPF VJQUG QHDGNQPIKPI VQ QVJGT ENCUUGU CTG \GTQ 6JGP

VQ OCMG FKUETKOKPCPV HWPEVKQP HQT TGUGODNG VJKU C RQUVGTKQTK RTQDCDKNKV[ VJG HQN

NQYKPI ETQUU GPVTQR[ NQUU JCU DGGP GORNQ[GF YKVJ VJG CUUWORVKQP QH WUKPI C UQHVOCZ PGVYQTM QWVRWV HWPEVKQP YJGTG KU CUUWOGF VQ DGNQPI VQ CPF KU CP KPRWV VQ VJG VJ QWVRWV PQFG YJKEJ EQTTGURQPFU VQ CPF QH VJG ENCUUKſGT +V KU CU

UWOGF VJCV VJKU PQFG RTQFWEGU C UQHVOCZ XCNWG

EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG C V[RG QH OKUENCUUKſECVKQP OGCUWTG CU HQNNQYU

TGRTGUGPVU CP QRGTCVKQP QH FKUETKOKPCPV HWPEVKQP EQORCTKUQP QXGT VJG RQUUKDNG ENCUUGU CPF VJGTGHQTG KV ECP EGTVCKPN[ DG EQPUKFGTGF C FKUETKOKPCPV HWPEVKQP 6JGP VJG CXGTCIG NQUUVQ DG OKPKOK\GF DGEQOGU

1DUGTXCVKQP JGTG VGNNU QPG VJCV VJKU NQUU ECP CNUQ DG VTGCVGF CU C ECUG QH CRRN[KPI VJG NKPGCT KPFKXKFWCN NQUU HWPEVKQP VQ VJG OKUENCUUKſECVKQP OGCUWTG &WG VQ VJG GORNQ[OGPV QH VJG NKPGCT NQUU VJGTG UGGOU VQ DG C FKUETGRCPE[ DGVYGGP VJG OKPK OK\CVKQP QH VJG ETQUU GPVTQR[ NQUU CPF VJG CEJKGXGOGPV QH VJG OKPKOWO ENCUUKſECVKQP GTTQT RTQDCDKNKV[ EQPFKVKQP

4.3.4.2 Unidirectional Network Classifier

6JG ETQUU GPVTQR[ NQUU YCU WUGF KP CP GCTN[ UVWF[ VJCV RKQPGGTGF VJG CRRNKECVKQP QH TGEWTTGPV PGWTCN PGVYQTMU VQ URGGEJ RCVVGTP TGEQIPKVKQP =?

0CVWTCN UKIPCNU UWEJ CU URGGEJ UKIPCNU QDG[ VJG NCY QH ECWUCNKV[ 6JWU KP RTKPEKRNG VGORQTCN KPHQTOCVKQP IQGU HTQO VJG RCUV VQ VJG HWVWTG CPF CEEQTFKPIN[ C WPKFKTGE VKQPCN RCUVVQHWVWTG QT NGHVVQTKIJV PGVYQTM UVTWEVWTG KU QHVGP WUGF CU C RTKOCT[ UGNGEVKQP HQT OQFGNKPI UWEJ UKIPCNU # V[RKECN UVTWEVWTG QH C WPKFKTGEVKQPCN PGVYQTM KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP(KIWTG +P VJKU ſIWTG CV VKOG KPFGZ KPRWV CEQWUVKE XGEVQTÙ

KU

RTGUGPVGF VQ VJG PGVYQTM CNQPI YKVJ VJG UVCVG XGEVQT×

CPF VJGUG VYQ XGEVQTU RTQ

FWEG VJG QWVRWV XGEVQTÝ

CPF VJG PGZV UVCVG XGEVQT ×

# FGUKIP IQCN JGTG KU

VQ FGVGTOKPG VYQ YGKIJV OCVTKEGUÏCPFÎ UQ VJCVÝ

ECP UCVKUH[ C RTGUGV FGUKIP

QDLGEVKXG

+P =? VJG ETQUU GPVTQR[ NQUU YCU CRRNKGF VQ C TGEWTTGPV PGVYQTM WUGF CU C NKMGNK JQQF GUVKOCVQT KP EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ CP *//DCUGF URGGEJ RCVVGTP ENCUUKſGT 6JG PGVYQTM VTCKPKPI HQT OKPKOK\KPI VJKU NQUU YCU FQPG YKVJ C UVCPFCTF VTCKPKPI OGVJQF HQT TGEWTTGPV PGVYQTMU KG VJG DCEMRTQRCICVKQP VJTQWIJ VKOG OGVJQF VJCV GZRCPFU C TGEWTTGPV PGVYQTM KP VKOG QT KP QVJGT YQTFU EQPUKFGTU C TGEWTTGPV PGVYQTM HQT CNN VKOG KPFKEGU CU C UKPING XGT[ NCTIG PGVYQTM YKVJ CP KPRWV CPF QWVRWV CV GCEJ VKOG KPFGZ CPF UJCTGF YGKIJVU QXGT CNN VKOG KPFKEGU

4.3.4.3 Bidirectional Network Classifier

+P RTKPEKRNG VJG VGORQTCN EQTTGNCVKQP DCUGF QP ECWUCNKV[ KU TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJG HQTYCTF WPKFKTGEVKQPCN KPHQTOCVKQP ƀQY +P CFFKVKQP VQ VJKU EQTTGNCVKQP URGGEJ UKIPCNU WUWCNN[ RQUUGUU DCEMYCTF FKTGEVKQPCN VGORQTCN EQTTGNCVKQP 6JG URGGEJ UKIPCN KU CP QWVRWV QH C RJ[UKQNQIKECN CTVKEWNCVKQP U[UVGO VJCV KU EQPVTQNNGF D[ C URGGEJ RTQFWEVKQP RNCP YJKEJ RTGRCTGU HWVWTG CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF CEEQTFKPIN[ JCU DCEMYCTF KPƀWGPEG QP VJG

W V u_t yt s_t s_(t+1) Time delay u_t : Input vector s_t : State vector y_t : Output vector FIGURE 4.6

Architecture of unidirectional network [23].

RCUV CEQWUVKE UVCVG QH VJG URGGEJ UKIPCN 6Q TGRTGUGPV VJGUG VYQ KPHQTOCVKQP ƀQYU C DKFKTGEVKQPCN PGVYQTM YCU KPVTQFWEGF CPF KV YCU FGUKIPGF YKVJ VJG OKPKOK\CVKQP QH VJG ETQUU GPVTQR[ NQUU =?

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ſECVKQP

4.4

Fusion of Multiple Classification Decisions