Bloque III: Marco teórico,
1.2. Razones subjetivas para la elección del tema y justificación
Term Definition (in the context of the current thesis) Connected with accounting and bookkeeping
Account Astructured record of transactions in monetary terms, kept as part of an accounting system.
Accounting Conventional definition: The classification and recording of monetary transactions, and the presentation and interpretation of the results of those transactions in order to assess performance over a period and the financial (monetary) position at a given date.
Wider definition: The systematic development, tracking, and analysis of information about the social, ethical, environmental, and economic affairs of an organization for the benefit of one or more of its stakeholders.
Accounting period The time period covered by the accounting statements of an entity.
Accounting standard
Authoritative statement of how particular types of transactions and other events should be reflected in statements.
Accounting system The series of tasks and records of an entity by which the transactions are processed as a means of maintaining financial records. Systems for identification, assembly, calculation, classificiation, recording, analysis, summarization and reporting transactions and events.
Accrued expenses Charges that are brought into the financial/commercial statements at the end of a period, because although goods and services have been provided, they have not yet been charged for by the suppliers. For example, electricity, invoiced in arrears, generally requires accrual at the end of each accounting period.
Assets Rights or other access to future economic benefits controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events. Usually divided into intangible assets – non-financial fixed assets that do not have physical substance, but are identifiable and are controlled by the entity through custody or legal rights, and tangible assets, which have a physical identity, e.g., buildings and machinery.
Audit A systematic examination of the activities and status of an entity, based primarily on investigation and analysis of its systems, controls, and records.
Bookkeeping The recording and summarizing of records in accordance with agreed procedures. / Recording of monetary transactions, appropriately classified, in the financial records of an entity, either by manual means or otherwise.
Balance (on an account)
The difference between the totals of the debit and credit entries in an account.
Term Definition (in the context of the current thesis)
Chart of accounts A comprehensive and systematically arranged list of the named and numbered accounts applicable to an enterprise.
Code A system of symbols designed to be applied to a classified set of items to give brief, accurate reference, and facilitate entry, collation, and analysis.
Commercial/ accounting
the monetary transactions of an entity in accordance with established concepts, principles, accounting standards,and legal requirements and their
presentation, by means of profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and cash flow statements, during and at the end of an accounting period.
Concept Principles underpinning the preparation of accounting information.
Corporate social accounting
The reporting of the social and environmental impact of an entity’s activities upon those who are directly associated with the entity (employees, customers, suppliers, etc.) or those who are in any way affected by the activities of the entity, as well as an assessment of the cost of compliance with relevant regulations in this area.
Current asset Cash or other assets, e.g., stock, debtors, and short-term investments, held for conversion into cash in the normal of activity.
Current liabilities Liabilities that fall due for payment within one year. They include the part of long-term loans due for repayment within one year.
Double entry book-
keeping The most commonly used system of bookkeeping based on the principle that every financial transaction involves the simultaneous receiving and giving of value, and is therefore recorded twice.
Entity/
economic unit An economic unit that has a separate, distinct identity.
Ex-ante Before the event. An ex-ante standard, budget, or analysis is set or done before a period of activity commences, and is based on the information available at that time on expected levels of cost, performance, etc.
Ex-post After the event. An ex-post standard, budget, or analysis is set or done after the end of a period of activity.
Human resource
accounting The identification, recording and reporting of the investment in, and return of the employment of, the personnel of an organization.
Liabilities An entity’s obligations to transfer economic benefits as a result of past transactions or events.
Net assets The excess book value of assets over liabilities, including loan, capital.
Continuation
Annex 1.
The classification and recording of
Term Definition (in the context of the current thesis)
Non-current assets Any asset, tangible or intangible, acquired for retention by an entity for the purpose of providing a service to the business, and not held for resale in the normal course of activity.
Social responsibility accounting
The identification, measurement, and reporting of the social costs and benefits resulting from economic activities.
Stakeholders Groups or individuals having a legitimate interest in the activities of an organization, generally comprising customers, employees, the community, and shareholders.
Transaction A change which shows flow or change in stocks.
Connected with welfare economics and benefit-cost analysis
Consumer surplus The difference between the amount a consumer is prepared to pay and the amount actually paid.
Cost-benefit analysis/benefit- cost analysis
A comparison between the cost of the resources used, plus any other costs imposed by an activity (e.g., pollution, environmental damage) and the value of the financial and non-financial benefits derived.
Society All elements of the environment external to the reporting and accounting entity, including individuals, other companies, and the population.
Social resources Tangibles or intangibles that have a net positive value to society.
Social benefits Any benefit to society (or to any element of society), whether economic or non-economic, internal or external. Thus social benefits include those benefits provided by an entity for which it is compensated as well as those external economies and bargains for which no compensation or inadequate compensation is received.
Social cost Any cost, sacrifice, or detriment to society or to any element of society, whether economic or non-economic, internal or external. Social costs include sacrifices for which compensation is made as human services used and paid for as well as detriments not paid for, for example, air pollution.
Utility The benefit received from a good or service. It can be an objective benefit in the sense of usefulness or a subjective satisfaction.
Value Quantified worth or utility. The value of any resource depends on the existence of some social welfare function. It means that measurement of any benefit or cost partially reflects such a function.
Welfare economics A study of the determinants of individual or social welfare.
Source: Compiled by the author based on Management Accounting Official Terminology (2000); Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility (2000); Estes (1976); Rutherford (2007)
Continuation