Reacciones entre TATU 3 y fenoles 4c, 4d, 4h, 4j y 4k-n

In this category can be grouped cases where one variation denotes a state, process, or action, and another variation explicitly mentions the cause or result of the state, process, or action. These are causatives or ergatives: in Čermák terminology they are 'statutory transformations' ( 1994b: 191), since they involve change from one stage or state to another. The variations typically reflect some deep transitivity patterning. In one form, the affected is

mentioned as grammatical subject; in the other, the affected is mentioned as verbal or prepositional object, with the agent being mentioned as grammatical subject. The same verb may occur in both variations:

ONE's heart hardens

harden ONE's heart (towards SOMEONE)

harden SOMEONE's heart (towards SOMEONE) steer clear of SOMETHING

the death knell sounds for SOMEONE/SOMETHING sound the death knell for SOMEONE/SOMETHING

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The causation is occasionally signalled explicitly by the verb make: ONE's blood boils

make SOMEONE's blood boil one's hair stands on end

make SOMEONE's hair stand on end

The transitive structures boil someone's blood and stand someone's hair on

end also occur, but are much less frequent (at least in BofE) than the forms

with make. The pair curl someone's hair and make someone's hair curl are both causatives: the variation with make is more emphatic. The same appears to be the case with burn one's fingers and get one's fingers burned, where the variation with get emphasizes result rather than process.More commonly, the causative variation uses a different verb from the non-causative (or

suppressed causative) one. The alternating verbs include put in its causative meaning or traditional pairings such as raise and rise or bring and come:

come to a head

bring SOMETHING to a head

get the wind up, have the wind up put the wind up SOMEONE

go into raptures

send SOMEONE into raptures throw SOMEONE into raptures go through the wringer

put SOMEONE through the wringer know the ropes

learn the ropes

show SOMEONE the ropes teach SOMEONE the ropes ONE's hackles rise

raise SOMEONE's hackles the bubble bursts

prick the bubble

the wraps come off SOMETHING take the wraps off SOMETHING

the curtain comes down on SOMETHING bring the curtain down on SOMETHING

In a squib, Binnick ( 1971: 260-5) argues that while bring is not a true causative counterpart of come, since someone can come to a place without being brought there, bring and come are usually perfect counterparts in phrasal verbs: similarly with some other FEI

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combinations. He lists a few exceptions such as come clean, come on strong,

and bring something home to someone, without counterparts. A few of his

restricted to the verb come, whereas his exception come to pass does in fact have a (rare) counterpart with bring. However, his point remains valid: that in ordinary compositional use bring and come are not necessarily a causative pairing, but in more idiomatic constructions, they typically are.The resultative (or stative) variation is sometimes a structure with be as copula or auxiliary: see Pulman ( 1993: 256ff.) for discussion of these and their underlying roles and relationships:

beat SOMEONE black and blue be black and blue

have ONE's knife out (for SOMEONE) the knives are out (for SOMEONE) let the cat out of the bag

the cat is out of the bag open the floodgates the floodgates are open set tongues wagging tongues are wagging

take ONE's hat off to SOMEONE hats off to SOMEONE

tie SOMEONE's hands

have ONE's hands tied, ONE's hands are tied turn the tables

the tables are turned wipe the slate clean

the slate is clean (compare a clean slate)

Compare see the writing on the wall/the writing is on the wall and other active/passive structures. These variations with be are foregrounding result and end-state, and they can be compared to the following few cases, where the second variations may be resultatives or statives, reflecting a

result/process distinction with the first variations, or else simply denote distinct activities:

get in on the act be in on the act go on the warpath be on the warpath walk a knife edge be on a knife edge

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6.2.3 Aspect

There are a number of cases where one variation is effectively a continuative, generally signalled by the verb keep:

cross ONE'S fingers

keep ONE'S fingers crossed

get a grip on SOMETHING, take a grip on something keep a grip on SOMETHING

have ONE's ear to the ground keep ONE's ear to the ground have ONE's feet on the ground keep ONE's feet on the ground with ONE's feet on the ground

open ONE's eyes keep ONE's eyes open have SOMEONE on a string keep SOMEONE on a string have ONE's head down keep ONE's head down

Compare the pair hang in the air/be left hanging in the air and also one's heart

sinks/with a sinking heart, where the second emphasizes continuous aspect.

6.2.4 Reciprocity

A number of FEIs have reciprocal structures, and variations reflect the ways in which different participants are mentioned: see Table 6.3 . They can be

regarded as syntactic variations or transformations. An isolated case of a more lexical form of reciprocity can be seen in the cluster

show ONE's true colours, reveal ONE's true colours see SOMEONE in SOMEONE's true colours

TABLE 6.3. FEIs with reciprocal structures

Singular subject Plural subject (X is) at loggerheads with Y (X and Y are) at loggerheads X changes places with Y (X and Y) change places (X is) in line with Y (X and Y are) in line X joins battle with Y (X and Y) join battle X meets Y's eye(s) their eyes meet

X ties the knot with Y (X and Y) tie the knot -143-

where a single process is involved but the focuses differ.Even where FEIs

involve some kind of reciprocity in their semantics, transformations may not be possible, as Newmeyer points out ( 1972: 299 f.). For example, the dual

subjects in be two peas in a pod and be birds of a feather do not have single subject transformations, hence Newmeyer's hypothetical and unacceptable ⋆Alice is a pea in a pod with (to) Sue and ⋆Jack is a bird of a feather with (to) Joe.