REASUNCIÓN DE LAS LINEAS GENERALES DE LA TESIS

The feminine form of the ordinal number is used to express a frac-tion, the words hast; or do´lq being understood: odna´ westa´q ‘one sixth’; west; desq´tyx ‘six tenths’. Tret; ‘a third’ and he´tvert; ‘a quarter’ are commonly used instead of the corresponding fractions:

dve tre´ti instead of dve tre´t;ix ‘two thirds’; tri he´tverti instead of tri hetve¨rtyx ‘three quarters’.

Decimals are expressed by using the fractions for tenths, hundredths and thousands: odna´ ce´laq i pqt; desq´tyx ‘1.5’;

nol; ce´lyx i so´rok vo´sem; so´tyx ‘0.48’; west; ce´lyx i hety´ resta vo´sem;desqt sem; ty´sqhnyx ‘6.487’.

Fractions and decimals are always followed by the genitive singular: 69,6 go´da. Note that Russian uses a comma instead of a decimal point.

Exercise 8

Write down in full the fractions in the first column (from the table on page 172) (Vse¨ nasele´nie) and answer the questions in Russian.

1 V kako´j strane´ sa´maq vyso´kaq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni?

2 Kako´j razry´v me´'du prodol'i´tel;nost;[ 'i´zni mu'hi´n i 'e´n]in v Qpo´nii, v Ita´lii, Velikobrita´nii, v Rossi´i?

3 Gde sa´myj bol;wo´j razry´v?

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Dialogue 1

A conversation between a sociologist and a demographer

SOCIO´_LOG Xorowo´ izve´stno, hto demografi´heskaq situa´ciq v Rossi´i o´hen; ser;e¨znaq. Ro'da´emost; pa´daet, nasele´nie sokra]a´etsq. No ved; Rossi´q ne iskl[he´nie. To 'e sa´moe proisxo´dit v drugi´x stra´nax. Po-mo´emu, \´to xorowo´.

D^EMO´GRAF Da, kone´hno. L[´ di sta´li bo´lee otve´tstvennymi i sa´mi plani´ru[t svo[´ sem;[´. Molody´e l[´di xotq´t

TABLICA 1

Prodol'itel;nost; 'izni v Rossii v sravnenii s krupnejwimi \konomiheski razvitymi stranami (strany <seme¨rki>)

Strany Vse¨ naselenie Mu'hiny @en]iny

Qponiq 78,8 75,9 81.8

Franciq 76.9 72.8 80.9

SWA 76.5 73.0 80.0

Italiq 76.4 73.2 79,7

Kanada 76,4 73.0 79.8

Velikobritaniq 75.2 72.4 78,0

Germaniq 75.1 71.8 78.3

Rossiq

1989–1990gg. 69.0 64.0 74.0

1993g. 65.1 58.9 71.9

1995 65,0 58,0 72,0

Po da´nnym Goskomsta´ta

N.B. Goskomsta´t – Gosuda´rstvennyj komite´t po stati´stike – State Committee of Statistics

poluhi´t; obrazova´nie i stat; samostoq´tel;nymi. K so'ale´ni[, v Rossi´i situa´ciq druga´q. V ra´zvityx stra´nax sme´rtnost; umen;wa´etsq, a v Rossi´i uveli´hivaetsq i u'e´ prevywa´et ro'da´emost;. Tako´go ra´n;we ne´ bylo.

S^OCIO´LOG Oby´hno \´to ob#qsnq´[t tq'e¨lym \konomi´heskim polo'e´niem. No mo´'no li vse¨ ob#qsni´t; to´l;ko

\konomi´heskim kri´zisom?

DEMO´_GRAF Kone´hno, net. Taka´q situa´ciq ne to´l;ko sle´dstvie

\konomi´heskix fa´ktorov. Zdes; mno´go drugi´x prihi´n.

Tut i revol[´ ciq, i gra'da´nskaq vojna´, a ta´k'e sta´linskie repre´ssii 30-x godo´v. Sogla´sno demo´grafam to´l;ko v Veli´koj ote´hestvennoj vojne´

Rossi´q poterq´la pohti´ 27 mln. helove´k.

SOCIO´_LOG No mo´'et byt;, prihi´na v tom, hto na´we o´b]estvo sta´lo urbanizi´rovannym? Bol;winstvo´ nasele´niq tepe´r; gorodsko´e. A v gorodski´x se´m;qx ma´lo dete´j, dvo´e dete´j ne bo´l;we.

DEMO´_GRAF Urbaniza´ciq – o´hen; va´'naq prihi´na. No druga´q, ne me´nee va´'naq prihi´na – povywe´nie ob]e´stvennogo sta´tusa 'e´n]iny. Ved; u 'e´n]iny tepe´r; est; vy´bor.

Ona´ sama´ rewa´et sko´l;ko, kogda´, s kaki´m interva´lom i ot kogo´ ro'a´t;.

SOCIO´_LOG Zna´hit, po-va´wemu, demografi´heskaq situa´ciq zavi´sit ot mno´gix fa´ktorov?

DEMO´_GRAF Nesomne´nno. Na´do uhi´tyvat; vse fa´ktory, e´sli vy xoti´te ponq´t; demografi´hesku[ situa´ci[ v Rossi´i.

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Vocabulary ♦

Veli´kaq Ote´hestvennaq Vojna´ Great Patriotic War (World War 2) gra'da´nskaq vojna´ civil war

ob]e´stvennyj sta´tus social status

pa´dat; to fall

ro'a´t; to give birth

sle´dstvie consequence

uhi´tyvat; to take into consideration

Exercise 9

Answer the following questions in English.

1 What demographic process is taking place throughout the world?

2 What is the demographic situation in Russia?

3 What are the differences and similarities between the demographic situation in Russia and Europe?

4 Why is the number of children per family falling?

5 What explains the overall reduction in the population in the 1930s, 1940s and 1980s?

6 What does the fall in the birth-rate depend on?

TABLICA 2

Ob]ie ko\fficienty ro'daemosti, smertnosti i estestvennogo prirosta v Rossii

(na 1000 helovek naseleniq)

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993 Hislo

rodivwixsq 44,7 33 23,2 15,9 14,6 12,1 10,7 9,4 Hislo

umerwix 21,3 20,6 7,4 10,6 10,6 10,4 12,2 14,4 Estestvennyj

prirost 23,4 12,4 15,8 5,3 4 1,7 –1,5 –5

Po da´nnym Goskomsta´ta

Exercise 10

Answer the questions in Russian.

1 V kako´m godu´ nabl[da´lsq sa´myj bol;wo´j priro´st nasele´niq v Rossi´i?

2 Kogda´ priro´st nasele´niq stal otrica´tel;nym?

3 Kak vy mo´'ete ob#qsni´t; tako´e qvle´nie?

Language points ♦

Nu´'en

Nu´'en (m), nu'na´ (f), nu´'no (n), nu'ny´ (pl.) is a short adjective.

Used together with the dative it translates ‘to need’:

Nam nu´'no lu´hwee zdravooxrane´nie.

We need a better health service.

Kli´nike nu'ny´ o´pytnye vrahi´.

The clinic needs experienced doctors.

In the past and future tense the form of the verb byt;; will vary according to the subject:

Kli´nike nu'ny´ bu´dut o´pytnye vrahi´.

The clinic will need experienced doctors.

Another way of expressing the same idea is to use the verb to need nu'da´t;sq v (+ prep).

Rossi´i nu'na´ demografi´heskaq poli´tika.

Rossi´q nu'da´etsq v demografi´heskoj poli´tike.

Russia needs a demographic policy.

Exercise 11

Decide who needs what by putting nu´'en in the right form.

1 Mne . . . vre´mq. 2 Emu´ . . . slova´r;. 3 Nam . . . vi´za. 4 Im . . . 'urna´ly. 5 Bol;ni´ce . . . no´voe oboru´dovanie. 6 Mne . . . uhe´bnik ru´sskogo qzyka´. 7 Tea´tru . . . akte¨ry. 8 Emu´ ne . . . gaze´ta.

9 Rossi´i . . . demografi´heskaq poli´tika.

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Now put these sentences first in the past and then in the future tense.

Exercise 12

From 9–16 October 2002 Russia held a national census. Fill in the questionnaire by giving information about yourself in Russian. (See page 177.)