RECOMENDACIONES

In researching this thesis, the juxtaposition of a Maori-centered approach alongside more conventional empirical approaches did not create obstacles, nor diminish the significance of any one method. Instead, the experience has reinforced the view that research into contemporary Maori life will be enriched by the adoption of multi-methodological strands. The application of these concepts are discussed more fully, where appropriate, and within the context of each relevant chapter.

I N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (eds.), ( 1 994), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications,

Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, California.

2 M. P. Quinn, (1 990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks,

Newbury Park, California.

3 D. C. Phillips, ( 1 987), Philosophy, Science, and Social Inquiry, Pergamon Press, New York.

4 E. G. Guba and Y. S. Lincoln, (1 984), ' Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research', in N. K. Denzin

and Y. S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks,

California, p. 1 08.

5 ( 1 0 August 200 1 ).

6 Denzin and Lincoln, ( 1 994), op cit.

7 ( 1 0 August 200 1).

8 ( 1 0 August 200 1 ).

9 Guba and Lincoln, (1 984), op cit., p. 1 1 0.

10 _{Ibid., p. 1 1 1 .}

1 1 _{L. T. Smith, ( 1 999), Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, University of}

Otago Press, Dunedin, p. 1 64.

12 Ibid., p. 44.

13 M. G. Soutar, (2000), Ngati Porou Leadership - Rapata Wahawaha and the Politics of Conflict, Ph.D.

Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North.

14 E. Stokes, (1 985), Maori Research and Development: A Discussion Paper, University of Waikato, Hamilton.

1 5 T. Nepe, (199 1), E Hao Nei a Tenei Reanga: Te Toi Huarewa Tipuna, Kaupapa Maori: An Educational

Intervention System, MA Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland.

16 _{K. Irwin, (1 994), 'Maori Research Methods and Practice: An Exploration', in Sites, no. 28, Autumn.}

1 7 R. Bishop, (1 994), ' Initiating Empowering Research?', in New Zealand JournaJ of Educational Studies,

vol. 29, no. 1 , p. 1 75. 1 8 Smith, ( 1 999), op cit., p. 1 90.

1 9 Things 'Maori ' . Associated with Maori culture, tradition and custom.

20 The North and South Islands of New Zealand.

21 M. Henare, (1 988), ' Standards and Foundations of Maori Society', in Nga Tikanga Me Nga Ritenga 0

Te Ao Maori, vo\. III, Part One, Royal Commission on Social Policy, Wellington, pp. 5-41 .

22 C. Cunningham, ( 1 998), 'A Framework for Addressing Maori Knowledge in Research, Science, and

Technology', in Te Pumanawa Hauora (ed.), Te Oru Rangahau Maori Research and Development

Conference, 7-9 July 1998 Proceedings, School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North, p. 396.

23 M. H. Durie, (200 1 ), Mauriora: The Dynamics of Maori Health, Oxford University Press, Auckland, p.

1 72.

24 E. Pomare and G. de Boer, ( 1 988), Hauora Maori Standards of Health: A Study of the Years 1970-1984, Department of Health, Wellington, p. 22.

25 Durie, M.H. ( 1 995), Nga Matatini Maori; Diverse Maori Realities. A Paper Presented at the Wananga Purongo Korerorero Conference, 14 - 1 7 Feburary 1 995, Turangawaiwai Marae, Ngaruawahia.

26 Smith, ( 1 999), op cit.

27 These models are described in Chapter 4.

28 C. Cunningham, ( 1 999), 'The Foresight Project - Implementation', in Healthcare Review On-line, vo!.

3, no. 2.

29 A. Salmond, ( 1 99 1 ), Two Worlds: First Meetings Between Maori and Europeans, 1 642-1 772, Viking Press, Auckland.

30 N. Te Awekotuku, ( 1 99 1 ), He Tikanga Whaikairo - Research Ethics in Maori Communities: A

Discussion Paper, Ministry of Maori Affairs, Wellington.

3 1 M. Jackson, ( 1 998), 'Research and the Colonisation of Maori Knowledge : in Te Pl1manawa Hauora (ed.), Te Oru Rangahau Maori Research and Development Conference, 7-9 July 1998 Proceedings, School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

32 M.M. Ratima, (200 1 ), Kia Uruuru Mai a Hauora: Being Healthy, Being Maori - Conceptualising Maori Health Promotion, Ph.D. Thesis, Otago University, p. 1 53.

33 Te Piimanawa Hauora, ( 1 996), A Framework for Purchasing Traditional Healing Services: A Report Prepared for the Ministry of Health, Department of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

34 Stokes, (1 985), op cit., p. 6.

35 M.H. Durie, ( 1 997), ' Identity Access and Maori Advancement', in New Zealand Journal of Educational

Administration, 1 2, pp, 41-45.

36 See G. H. Smith, ( 1 992), ' Research Issues Related to Maori Education', in M. Hohepa and G. H. Smith (eds.), The Issue of Research and Maori, Monograph no. 9, August 1 992, Research Unit for Maori Education, University of Auckland, Auckland.

37 See L. T. Smith, ( 1 992), ' On being Culturally Sensitive: The Art of Gathering and Eating Kina without Pricking your Finger', in M. Hohepa and G. H. Smith (eds.), The Issue of Research and Maon;

Monograph no. 9, August 1 992, Research Unit for Maori Education, University of Auckland, Auckland. 38 See C. Teariki, P. Spoonley, and N. Tomoana, ( 1 992), Te Whakapakad te Mana Tangata: The Politics

and Process of Research for Maori, Department of Sociology, Massey University, Palmerston North.

39 J. Bevan-Brown, ( 1 998), 'By Maori, for Maori, about Maori - Is that Enough?', in Te Pl1manawa Hauora (ed.), Te Oru Rangahau Maori Research and Development Conference, 7-9 July 1998

Proceedings, School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

40 Smith, ( 1 999), op cit., pp. 1 72- 1 73 .

4 1 C. Royal, ( 1 998), 'Te A o Marama - A Research Paradigm', in T e Piimanawa Hauora (ed.), Te Oru Rangahau Moori Research and Development Conference, 7-9 July 1998 Proceedings, School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

42 R. Bishop, ( 1 998), ' Whanaungatanga as a Research Process', in Te Piimanawa Hauora (ed.), Te Oru Rangahau Moori Research and Development Conference, 7-9 July 1998 Proceedings, School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

43 M. H. Durie, ( 1 996), 'Characteristics ofMoori Health Research ', a paper presented at Hui Whakapiripiri, 1 February 1 996, Hongoeka Marae, Plimmerton.

44 Denzin and Lincoln, ( 1 994), op cit., p. 2.

45 M. Patton, ( 1 990), Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, California.

46 Ibid. 47 Ibid.

48 G. McCracken, ( 1 98 8), The Long Interview, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, California.

49 W. L. Neuman, ( 1 99 1 ), Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, A Viacom

Company, Needham Heights, MA, USA, p. 14.

50 Eric, Miro, Psyc Lit, Med Line, Cinahl, Conzul, Core Bio Med, AbiINform, NewIndex.

51 The literature database eventually contained more than 1 5 1 documents (most relevant sections were transcribed or photocopied). This information was then numbered and filed (l to 1 52) within a central repository (physical database).

52 A gift.

53 R. K. Yin, ( 1 994), Case Study Research: Designs and Methods (2nd edn), Sage Publications, Thousand

Oaks, Newbury Park, California, p. 1 04.

54 The researcher was a member of the Public Health Association national executive committee from 1 996 to 1 999. Meetings were held 3-4 times a year in Wellington.

55 The researcher has been a member of the Mental Health Commissions' advisory board since 1998. The board meets in Wellington, 5-6 times a year.

56 This project is currently underway. The research team corresponds fortnightly by way of teleconference

and meet 2-3 times a year.

57 This proj ect is currently underway and nearing completion. The researcher has been a member of this team since 200 1 - meetings have taken place in Auckland and are scheduled 5-6 times a year.

58 The researcher is a former member of this board and was a nominated Public Health Association

representative. Meetings were held 4-5 times a year in Dunedin or via teleconference.

60 _{A fonnal farewell.}

61

These issues are discussed more fully in Chapter 5

62 J. Maxwell, ( 1 992), 'Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research', in Harvard Educational Revie� vol. 63, pp. 279-300.

63 J. Goetz and M. LeCompte, ( 1 984), Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research,

Academic Press, New York.

64 U. Flick, ( 1 992), 'Triangulation Revisited: Strategy of Validation or Alternative?', in Journal for the Theory of the Altemative, vol. 22, pp. 1 75-198.

65 _{R. Stake, ( 1 995), The Art of Case Study Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park,}

California.

66 · _{B. Berg, ( 1 995), Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.} 67 A. Hubbennan and M. Miles, ( 1984), Innovation up Close: How School Improvement Works, Plenum

Press, New York.

68 _{See C. Turner, ( 1 987), Organising Information: Principles and Practice, Bingly Press, London.}

69 See _{(1 February 2002)}

Chapter Three

APPROACHES TO MAORI MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 examined Maori mental health patterns, and highlighted the need for effective

broad based strategies, specific to Maori mental health. However, while it is clear that connections beyond health are required, for the most part health policy has been confined to the health sector and, in particular, to the development of health services.

The focus of this chapter is on Maori mental health policies and services, and is intended to consider their overall position within the health sector. It contains several parts. The first discusses research issues - the methods employed to obtain the necessary information to describe policies and services to address Maori mental health problems. It draws from Chapter 2 and places these ideas within a context specific to this chapter. The second part is an historical narrative and explores the broad foundation on which the infrastructure of the New Zealand health service has been built. Part three places a more direct focus on mental health service development and examines the environment within which mental health services for Maori have developed.

Part four has a more contemporary focus and describes the significance to Maori mental health of the health reforms of 1 993 . This section introduces contemporary issues, in particular the structures that have shaped the current environment. Policies for mental health services, and those specific to Maori, are examined in part five. Parts six and

seven consider the present state of Maori mental health services, policies, goals and objectives, opportunities and workforce implications.

The final part is a chapter summary. It ties together the various sections and places them within a context relevant to this thesis.