4. PUBLICACIONES
4.2. Reducción global y regional del grosor cortical en primeros episodios
Sujet 9 | Énoncé
Bridge and into New Jersey? It was dusk. [...] I had my home to go to, my place to lay my
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head down and figure the losses and figure the gain that I knew was in there somewhere too. I had to panhandle two bits3 for the bus. I finally hit a Greek minister who was standing around the corner. He gave me the quarter with a nervous lookaway. I rushed immediately to the bus.
When I got home I ate everything in the icebox. My aunt got up and looked at me. ’Poor
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little Salvatore,’ she said in Italian. ’You’re thin, you’re thin. Where have you been all this time?’
Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957.
I. Compréhension écrite
Questions on documents A and B
1 What are the two extracts about? Choose the correct answer.
a)life in New York City.
b)rural life versus city life.
c)a journey across the United States.
Il s’agit d’identifier la thématique commune à ces deux documents :
2 Which places correspond to these definitions?
a)The place where the narrator lives.
b)The road he chose to follow (document 1).
c)His final destination (document 1).
d)The first stop on his trip (document 1).
e)The final stage of his trip (document 2).
Vous devez donner les noms des lieux qui correspondent aux définitions.
3 Who are the characters in the two texts. Name them when possible. Which of them are present in both?
On vous demande d’identifier les personnages qui sont présents si possible en les nom- mant et en indiquant lesquels sont présents dans les deux documents.
4 When does the scene take place in each of the two documents? Give dates and time of day when possible.
Il s’agit d’expliciter le moment où se déroule l’action pour chacun des documents en indiquant si possible la date et le moment de la journée.
5 What does the narrator plan to do in each of the two documents?
Sujet 9 | Énoncé
6 a)What problem does he face on the first day?
Identifiez le problème auquel il doit faire face le premier jour.
b)How does this problem change his feelings? (document 1)
Expliquez comment ce problème influe sur ses sentiments.
7 a)What has the narrator done in the recent past?
Expliquez ce que le narrateur a fait récemment.
Pour parler du passé récent, vous devez utiliser le present perfect (have + participe passé).
b)Why do you think his friend and his aunt encourage him to travel? (document 1)
Expliquez les raisons pour lesquelles son ami et sa tante l’encouragent à voyager.
8 Using elements from both texts explain how his trip affected his perception of cities.
On vous demande d’analyser l’évolution de sa perception des villes entre les deux étapes. Autrement dit, comment parle-t-il des villes dans le document 1, puis dans le document 2 ?
II. Expression écrite
Tous les candidats traiteront les deux sujets suivants.
1 You are the narrator. You have been on the road for one week now. Write a letter to your friend Remi Boncœur to tell him about your trip. (80 words)
Il faut utiliser le format d’une lettre personnelle :
– lieu et date en haut à droite (inutile de donner une adresse précise) ; – salutation d’ouverture : Dear + prénom, Hi + prénom ;
– salutation de clôture : love, will write again soon, take care, will soon be with you. Faites attention aux formes verbales :
– Le présent perfect (have + participe passé du verbe) pour dire ce qui s’est déjà passé. – Le futur (will + verbe) pour parler de l’avenir.
– Be + V-ing pour dire ce qu’il est en train de faire.
2 Travelling can change your perception of life. Discuss and illustrate with some examples. (120 words)
Il s’agit de prendre position par rapport à l’impact que peut avoir un voyage sur notre perception de la vie. Vous devez donner votre avis et illustrer vos arguments avec des exemples.
Vous aurez besoin des idées de :
– ’travel’ : travelling, commuting, visiting a new country, staying in a new place ; – ’perception’ : attitude, vision, conception ;
– ’activities’ : discover new places, meet new people, see new landscapes, hear new
Sujet 9 | Corrigé
I. Compréhension écrite
Questions on documents A and B 1 The two extracts are about:
c)a journey across the United States.
2 The following places correspond to each definition:
a)Paterson, New Jersey.
b)Route 6.
c)San Francisco – the West Coast – the Pacific Ocean.
d)Bear Mountain.
e)Times Square – home.
3 The characters are:
the narrator, his aunt, Remi Boncœur and a Greek minister. The narrator and his aunt are present in both texts.
4 In document 1, the scene takes place one morning in the month of July 1947.
In document 2, it takes place at the end of his trip (8000 miles later) at dusk in the rush hour.
5 In Document 1, he plans to travel across the United States on Route 6 to the West Coast. In Document 2, he wants to get home from Times Square, and has to beg for money for the bus.
6 a)On the first day, he has problems getting rides to Bear Mountain to reach Route 6.
b)The problem makes him lose his confidence. There are no rides and it’s pouring with rain. He ends up crying and regretting his decision. He is in despair.
7 a)He has been preparing his trip, by studying maps, and reading about pioneers. He has planned his route along 6.
b)His friend now lives in San Francisco, so if they want to see each other, the narrator will have to go there. His aunt encourages him to travel saying it will do him good. He seems to be a bit lost: he is a US veteran.
8 At the beginning of his journey, he is enthusiastic about going to the big cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles. When he is at Bear Mountain, he wishes he were already in Chicago.
When he returns to New York City he is overwhelmed by the frenzy, and the thirst for easy money. He seems to consider it madness to want to spend one’s life within the confines of
Sujet 9 | Corrigé
II. Expression écrite
1
Cape Cod, 14 July Hi Remi,
Just to let you know how I am getting on. I have been on the road for a week now. It took me ages to get to Route 6: there were no cars on the road, and it kept on raining and raining. I realised that I’m not really very well prepared for bad weather.
Now that I’m on Route 6, I’m making good progress. I’ve learnt that the best way to pick up a ride is to wait for the truckers outside the diners. When they’ve got a good meal inside, they look forward to talking to someone so that they don’t fall asleep.
Will write to you again soon!
Jack
2 Does travel change your perception of life? I’d say it all depends on the type of travel. If travel means commuting on a daily base from home to work, I don’t really think it changes your attitude to life. You just occupy your mind (or sleep) so that time passes quickly.
On the other hand, if travel means discovering new places and spending time there to get to know new cultures, then I would say that it can change your vision of life. Indeed, if we think of famous artists, like Matisse, he was very strongly influenced by his stay in Marseille, and his art work was totally different afterwards.
I’d say that it’s not the travel in itself that makes people evolve, but rather the experience of meeting new people, seeing new landscapes, hearing new languages that makes us reconsider our conception of life.
Sujet 10, langue vivante 2
Sujet national, juin 2014, séries ES, L, S
Document A
Why Gated Communities are Becoming a Global Problem
Thoughts and observations on what makes cities great places to live, written by a native of Vancouver.
The prevalence of gated communities has steadily risen across the United States since the 1960s. According to Edward Blakely, author of Fortress America, census figures show that between 6 and 9 million Americans live behind gates. The appeal of gated commu- nities lies in their promise of safety, privacy, exclusivity, and ultimately sameness and predictability.
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People choose to live in these communities because they want to be around people like them and have freedom from the uncertainty of the outside world–most gated communi- ties have a school, community centre, pool, and other amenities. You rarely have to leave the community, except when commuting to work.
However, that promise of safety and sameness is now proving to be pretty empty. In a
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recent article on gated communities in The Atlantic Cities, author Sarah Goodyear wrote: ”By fostering suspicion and societal divisions, gated communities can paradoxically com- promise safety rather than increase it. And because they cut residents off from the larger community, they can shrink1the notion of civic engagement and allow residents to retreat from civic responsibility.”
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When you retreat into a big home in a gated or exclusively high–income community, you aren’t exposed to other cultures, people less fortunate than you, artists, senior citizens, etc. Common knowledge suggests that being exposed to different people and experiences is how we broaden our horizons. It is how we become inspired to do the little daily things that make the world a better place–like volunteering, making art or music, and creating
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or participating in community projects.
In a gated community, you wouldn’t do any of these things because society’s problems are no longer your problem and all you need for pleasure is there for you to passively enjoy. This might be okay on a vacation, but it does not make for an ideal society. People in gated communities run the risk of being culturally malnourished as they shut out difference and
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diversity for a predictable fantasyland that has no connection to reality.
Sujet 10 | Énoncé
Document B
The experience of life in the city comprises the sum total of all encounters, relation- ships and experiences with other people during the course of the day. Well–being arises from contacts that are satisfying, and enjoyable, that affirm persons as individuals and as members of a community. The city must provide occasions and places for such good ex- periences to occur. Participation in social interactions makes an essential contribution to
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personal well–being. Impoverishment in social contact may result in a sense of isolation, meaninglessness for individuals and in the dissolution of social bonds for the community. Once we think about cities in terms of this conception, we must consider the nature of public social life, the conditions both architectural and social, under which it flourishes, and how the public and private domains interconnect.
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The relation of public and private involves the flow of interest and attention from the private to the public world–to ”what is happening out there”–as well as from the public to the private world. In the public realm, multiple perspectives and viewpoints prevail that inform and correct the single one-sided perspective of the private world.
The public realm makes possible the exchange of opinion and information that forms the
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basis of civic dialogue and development of consensus.
It is in the public realm that we learn about each other, through observation and partici- pation, and develop a public conscience that pays heed to the foibles and needs of our fellow citizens. [...]
The public realm facilitates learning about ways of being and relating! We learn how
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persons relate within and across generational, social class, and experiential difference, and become skilled in making inferences about the fate and biography of our fellow beings. We learn about the humanity and dignity of all persons.
Henry L. Lennard, The Essence of the City, 1991 (available at http://www.livablecities.org).
I. Compréhension écrite
Questions on document A
1 Choose the right definition. A ”gated community” is...
a)a group of houses in a protected area with restricted access.
b)a group of houses in which residents enjoy limited freedom of movement.
c)a group of houses in which rich people live and participate in common projects.
d)a group of houses in which artists come together to create art and music.
2 What are the expectations of the people who want to live in gated communities? Ans- wer and explain using your own words.
Vous devez expliquer en vos propres termes les attentes des gens qui veulent vivre dans des ’gated communities’.
Sujet 10 | Énoncé
3 Explain in your own words why ”gated communities can paradoxically compromise safety rather than increase it” (l. 12).
Il s’agit d’expliquer en vos propres termes pourquoi paradoxalement les ’gated commu-
nities’ peuvent compromettre la sécurité au lieu de l’augmenter.
4 ”This might be okay on a vacation, but it does not make for an ideal society.” (l. 24) What are the implications of this distinction?
On vous demande d’expliciter pourquoi les ’gated communities’ peuvent convenir pour les vacances, mais non pas pour une société idéale.
Questions on document B
5 Find in the text a synomym for ”public realm” (l. 13).
6 Choose the right sentence to sum up the text.
a)City life restricts social contacts.
b)Limited social contact contributes to citizens’ well-being.
c)People need exchanges with different kinds of people to become full citizens.
d)We learn about ourselves when we live away from the community.
7 Pick out at least 3 elements from the text showing the consequences of living in isola- tion.
Pick out at least 3 elements from the text showing the consequences of being a full member of the ”public realm” (l. 13).
Questions on documents A and B
Seuls les candidats des séries S et ES et ceux de la série L qui ne composent pas au titre de la LVA (Langue vivante approfondie) traiteront la question suivante.
8 What are the consequences of isolation as described in both texts? Answer in a few sentences using your own words and elements from the texts.
Vous devez expliquer en vos propres termes tout en citant des éléments des deux textes les conséquences de l’isolement.
Seuls les candidats de la série L traiteront la question suivante.
9 The word ”civic” is mentioned in document A (l. 14) and in document B (l. 16)). What does it imply in terms of individual freedom and social harmony?
Il s’agit d’expliciter le sens du mot ’civic’ et de montrer ce qu’il signifie par rapport à la liberté individuelle et à l’harmonie sociale.
Sujet 10 | Énoncé
II. Expression écrite
Tous les candidats traiteront le sujet suivant.
1 You want to do some volunteer work. Your parents disagree. Imagine your conversa- tion.
Vous devez imaginer une conversation entre vous-même et vos parents dans laquelle vous essayez de les convaincre de vous laisser faire du bénévolat.
Vous aurez besoin des expressions :
– de désaccord et de désapprobation : we disagree/ we disapprove of ; – de refus : we won’t let you, you can’t ;
– de recommendation : why don’t you...?, you should, what about + V-ing, if I were you,
I would...
Seuls les candidats de la série L qui ne composent pas au titre de la LVA (Langue vivante approfondie) traiteront le sujet suivant.
2 Discuss the importance of relating ”within and across [...] social class” (l. 21) (docu- ment B).
Il s’agit d’un essai argumentatif sur l’importance d’échanger au sein et au-delà des classes sociales.
Vous aurez besoin des expressions :
– d’importance : important, essential, vital, crucial / people need to, it’s important (for
people) to, we should ;
– de communication : talk to each other, communicate, mix, mingle, live side by side
(with).
Seuls les candidats de la série L composant au titre de la LVA (Langue vivante approfon- die) traiteront l’un des deux sujets suivants.
3 a)Do you think that ”little daily things [...] like volunteering, making art or music, and creating or participating in community projects” (l. 19) (document A) can make the world a better place?
b)”It is in the public realm that we learn about each other, through observation and parti- cipation, and develop a public conscience” (l. 17) (document B). Discuss.
Il s’agit chaque fois d’un essai argumentatif. En a), vous devez disserter sur l’idée que les petites actions de la vie comme oeuvrer en tant que bénévole, faire de l’art ou de la mu- sique ou participer à des projets collectifs puissent contribuer à un meilleur monde. En b), la dissertation portera sur l’idée que c’est dans le domaine public que nous apprenons les uns des autres en s’observant et en participant ensemble, et que nous développons une conscience publique.
Il convient d’organiser vos idées et de structurer votre dissertation en veillant à articuler les différentes parties au moyen de mots de liaison adaptés.
Sujet 10 | Corrigé
I. Compréhension écrite
Questions on document A 1 A ”gated community” is...
a)a group of houses in a protected area with restricted access.
2 People who want to live in gated communities expect safety and sameness.
People are afraid of the ’real world’, so they try to create a feeling of security and exclu- sivity. Rich people try to stay together and recreate an idealized society, a type of cocoon.
3 People living in gated communities are more and more isolated, and become less and less involved in public life. At the same time, they become overly suspicious of people from the ”outside world”, so in fact they feel less in security than before joining the com- munity.
4 Isolating oneself from the rest of the community for a short period of time to enjoy one’s holidays in a privileged environment has a minimal impact on global social rela- tionships. However, it can become harmful to society when several groupes decide to isolate themselves permanently from the rest of the public realm.
Questions on document B
5 A synomym for ”public realm” is ”public world” (l. 12).
6 The right sentence to sum up the text is:
c)People need exchanges with different kinds of people to become full citizens.
7 The consequences of living in isolation are ”meaninglessness”, the ”dissolution of com- munity bonds” and a ”single one-sided perspective” (l. 7).
The consequences of being a full-member of the public realm are ”multiple perspectives and viewpoints”, an ”exchange of opinion and information”, and the ”development of consensus” (l. 15).
Questions on documents A and B
8 The consequences of isolation described in document A are: a paradoxical feeling of insecurity, sameness, no civic engagement, isolation from other cultures, cultural malnou- rishment, fantasyland, no connection to reality.
The consequences of isolation described in document B are: impoverishment, sense of iso- lation, meaninglessness, dissolution of social bonds for the community, single one-sided perspective of the outside world.
Both texts develop the same idea: isolation threatens people’s implication in the public sphere, increases individualism and narrows their minds.
Sujet 10 | Corrigé
9 The word ”civic” implies that the individuals have a role to play in society. Citizens cannot remain isolated: social harmony is not less valuable than individual freedom. Citi- zens should participate in the life of the community and contribute to civic dialogue.
II. Expression écrite
Dans le cadre du corrigé, nous avons choisi de ne traiter que les deux premiers sujets.
1 It’s seven o’clock in the evening and we are sitting down for the evening meal in our kitchen.
Me: Mum, Dad. I know what I want to do during the holidays! Mum: Go shopping with your girlfriends, I suppose!
Dad: Or maybe you want to start learning to drive! Me: No, I want to work!