Referente al objetivo general:

Then

Tao Ho ng Jing

lived from

452-536

A .CE., so he lives after the

Han

Dynasty. After the Hn n Dynasty, China basically goes into different little states and then comes another unification of China. So the first unification occurred with

Qin Shi Huang Di,

the first emperor of China. The second begins to occur during what we call the

S u i

Dynasty. The

S u i

Dynasty is this period where we see people like

Huang Fu Mi,

with the

/ia Yi Jing,

The Systematic Textbook of Acupuncture, and you see

Tao Hong Jing.

Tao Hong Jing

was essentially a

Daois t

in the early part of his life and he converted to Buddhism in the later part of his life . Again, Buddhism is coming into China at this time. He became a reclusive much later on in life, devoting most of his studies to religious practices.

Tao Hong Jing

was actually one of these individu al s who was really very highl y educated . He was not only good at medicine, we often think of him mostly for medicine, but he was also skilled in astronomy . He knew the geography of China very well . He did a lot of field 甘ips and he was also what we would call an artisan, in Confucian l anguage. He was very good in music. He was a musician. He was a calligrapher. So he had a lot of interests and definitely he dabbled in many different things.

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。New England School of Acupuncture & Jeffrey C. Yuen ²⁰⁰⁸

What he's mostly noted for

i s Shen Nong’ s Ben Cao,

which became the dominant text for stud ying herbal medicine by the literate cl ass until the beginning of the

Ta11g

Dynasty. His book was basically the book that you would study. He increased the list of herbs from

365

to

780

and now he gives more detailed information regarding the Nature, that is this idea of "Is the herb warming or cooling？” That is the aspect relating to the

Qi

of the herb. That’s called the

Qi

of the herb, the Nature. It al so describes to a greater degree the Tastes of the herbs. That's in the original

Shen Nong

’s

Ben Cao,

that it gives you the

Qi

and the Taste, but he gives more information about that. He also gives the location, we see in the early

Ben Cao,

and the harvesting. What he provides is just more detail. Meridian associations are not provided. That doesn’t develop until

\Ve get into, not even the

Tang

Dynasty, really into the

Song

Dynasty is when we start to get， “Oh this herb goes to this Meridian or goes to this Organ.” That’s a much later invention in terms of the

Ben Cao

history. But nevertheless, we have an overall idea that something has a Nature in terms of temperature. We have something in terms of its Taste, which comes from the Five Element ideas, as Five Element theory is developing . We already saw where Sour comes from, where Sweet comes from . And that, by the way, doesn’t come from the

Nei Jing.

That comes from the

Yin Yang

School . Remember, we talked about the

Yin Yang

School yesterday, that gave us the Five Attributes. Among those attributes, they gave the Five Tastes. So the Five Tastes can be traced back to the

Yin Yang

School and then we begin to see it being used in the

Su 讥len,

as well as the

Ling Slzu .

Because

Tao Hong Jing

gets converted to Buddhism in the later part of his life, there is a minor group of Chinese medical doctors who actually believe that the

Shen No

n

g

’ s

Ben Cao

has two versions from

Tao Hong Jing.

One of which reflects that he began to focus more on the spiritual, the

Shen

aspect of the herbs than in the other version . Today, when you read his text, people believe 出at the two versions are overlapping . With certain herbs it seems like everything is being described very physically, and with other herbs, there seems to be more of a description of it in terms of spiritual aspects, that it induces tranquility, that it helps t。 ”bri ghten the eyes”. Here they don’t mean physically ”brighten the eyes”， rather that you are able to have more clarity of the eyes, to see spiritually more clearly. So that to them was more of a

Shen

quality that he is adding to it, So, they believe that he probabl y had two works and those two works became synthesized as one. That’s among a small group of people. Some people believe that’ s all built in, that he did not have to become a Buddhist to have written about that.

4.

Sui Yao Xing Lun

New Treatise on Herbs from Sui Dynasty Then we go into the

S u i

Dynasty, where there is a new treatise being written. Again, this simply refers to

S u i Yao X i ^{ng L u n,}

the Herbs from the

Sui

Dynasty Treatise. And here, the important part about this particular Materia Medica is that not onl y does it include the Nature, the Temperature and the Taste, but it begins to really give us combinations of herbs. This is important because, contrary to what you might think, it is rare that we see, as we develop into a medical system, the use of single herbs. The use of single herbs is only

。NewEngl and School o f Acupuncture

101

& Jef行ey C. Yuen ²⁰⁰⁸

considered appropriate primarily in preventative measures. That’s when we see these earlier texts describing herbs for preventative measures.

If we go into

Shen N01叹’s Ben Cao,

we are looking at Upper Grade herbs, because as we said,

Shen Nong

was healthy. He was, or whoever represented

Shen Non

g, was foraging and eating these different plants. He was a healthy person. So he was seeing that certain things gave him more vitality. Certain things caused him to have diarrhea. So certain things were therapeutic, but for certain things he was trying to classify what are the thi ngs that are really good for the body. By the time we get to

T a o H o n g Jing,

who was a m edical practi tioner, he is now going to be classifying herbs based on their therapeutic functi on. He i s not looking at what herbs will do for a healthy person . He is looking at what herbs are going to do for someone who is already ill, which means that the functi ons those herbs are going to exert is going to be very different than wi th a person who is healthy.

Furthermore, now, in the

Sui

Dynasty Herbal, they are prescribing that herbs work best as combinations. That’ s the traditional belief, that Chinese medicine does not believe in single Points or single herbs. As a medical system, you are interested in the combinations, because when you have combinations, what you have are dynamics. Yes, herbs by themselves have a function, but you throw another herb in or you Needle another Point, and the two of them in interacting ,,vith each other, create, not only necessarily a synergistic effect, but they create a very interesting dynamic. M aybe they Antagonize. Remember those terms that we talked about in herbal medi cine, that certain herbs Mutually Accentu ate . Certain herbs Mutually Prohibit or Restrict or Enhance. That is understanding the dynamic combinations. As I said, it is almost like if you take a person and you put the person in a room and observe them, you can see certain things about the person, but you won't be able to see a lot, unless you put another person in the room with that person. You will see a lot more interesting quali ties when you have the dynamics of two and maybe a crowd. But sometimes if it gets too crowded, you can’ t really observe each person very carefully to see what is happening. And that’s why recipes in the old days were very limited in number, not necessarily in dosage, but limited in numbers, because with limitations in numbers you can create greater predictability. That’s why

Shang Han Lun

fo口nulas are relatively small compared to some formulas of the

Song

Dynasty. Acupuncture recipes and combinations are relatively small compared to some of the more

Song

Dynasty recommendations for protocols. So this is, to a greater degree because we see it in the

Sui

Dynasty Classics about combinations, most people believe i t’ s probably during the

S u i

Dynasty that people were more or less experimenting already with combinations of herbs.

De自nitely the

Shang Han Lim

uses herbal combinations, because they are herbal formulas.

Sl

^z

a n

g

Ha n Lu

¹¹ doesn't tell you to use one herb. It uses herbal formulas. So what you have now are these combinations.

You have also contraindications, because once you have combinations and you see adverse reactions, you need to figure out is it coming from this one herb or maybe the combinati on. So you start talking more about contraindications,

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©New Engl and School of Acupuncture & Jef行ey C Yuen ²⁰⁰⁸

toxi city, ways of reducing toxicity. Maybe the herb has to be boiled longer or maybe certain shells we know have to be boiled l onger for it to be more effective as calming agents, like the idea of rhubarb. Do I boil rhubarb in the l ast

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minutes o f a decoction,

Da H u a ng

that is, which we know would b e more Purging if I di d that? Or do I boil rhubarb with the entire formula, which would be more Blood Moving if I did that? So again, the difference in terms of the cooking time. Likewise, we talked about that with acupuncture, also. If you look at an acupuncture Point, it gives you several Functions of an acupuncture Point.

Remember, the

]ia Yi Jing

is being written at the same time. So we have an herbal discussion. But also the

]ia Yi Jing,

is an acupuncture description that gives us Point combinations, that also means, while they don’t tell you the time, there is the assumption that certain Points which have certain functions may only exert that function when it is retained for a certain period of time. If you retain it too short a time, you might not get the best therapeutic efficacy of 出at Point. So this is happening during the

Sui

Dynasty, really trying to figure out the processing of Points, the processing of herbs. This is another component that we see with this new Treatise of the

Sui

Dynasty .

5. Xin Xiu Ben Cao

Newly Revised Herbal

(659 A .CE.)

Then comes the

Tang

Dynasty. By the time we get into the

Tang

Dynasty, remember China during the Western

Han

was already going into these foreign countries and expanding, whi ch stops with the Eastern

Ha n,

but it begins to continue again wi th the

Ta ng

Dynasty. So with the

Tang

Dynasty comes the inclusion or imported herbs from other countries, including a lot of the resins from the Arab trade. The Sil k Road was established during the Western

Ha n

when the expansion extends to the Arab countries. So already the Silk Road was being established in China . And in the

Ta ng

Dynasty, when they revamp, and they do the

Tang

Dynasty Herbal, which they simply called the Newly Revised Herbal, that is the

Xin Xiu Ben Cao .

More popularly in Chinese literature, they often ref er to it as 出e

Tang Ben Cao,

the

Tang

Dynasty

Ben Cao.

It was completed in

659 A .C E .

It took hvo years.

657

was when it was commissioned to be compiled. It was completed at

659

and included in here are going to be things like Myrrh, Frankincense, the things that were coming into China from the Arab countries. That’ s not to say that Myrrh was not used prior to the

Tang

Dynasty.

We saw it in

Han

Dynasty formulas, especially during the Western

Han,

because already the Sillι Road w a s established . But to see it actually being described and written up in a Materia Medica, you see in the

Tang

Dynasty.

So there are a number of herbs that are included in here. We start to look at Pu

Gong Ying,

dandelion, which appears during. the

Tang

Dynasty. So if you see a formula with dandelion, it would not have been back to the

Han

Dynasty .

Pu Gong Yin g

was an herb that we used in the

Tang

Dynasty. Isatis, especially the leaf of I satis, we used the root, but we didn’t really start using the leaf of Isatis,

Da Qing Ye,

until the

Tang

Dynasty. So in the

Tang

Dynasty, other parts of

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©New England School of Acupuncture & jef仕ey C. Yuen ²⁰⁰⁸

the plants began to be investigated . It’ s no longer just one aspect of the plant.

We began to look at the other aspects of the plant.

Jin Yin Hua

as a flower was being investigated now in the

Ta ng

Dynasty Herbal .

J i n Y i n Hua,

Lonicerae flowers, Honeysuckl e flowers, were being used in the

Tang

Dynasty . In terms of seeds, white mustard seed \vas being used in the

Tang

Dynasty,

Bai ]ie Zi.

And, interestingly enough, it is during the

Tang

Dynasty that we develop the theory about Phlegm and so we are looking for herbs that treat phlegm. White mustard seed Expels Phlegm. So again, this reflects some of the theories that are coming out. Another seed is

Dong Gua Ren,

Benincasae, was listed in the

Tang

Dynasty.

That’s another seed that also deals with Phlegm. You don’t see it being used too much today for that, but it is an herb that deals with Phlegm . We think of it more for Draining Damp-Heat or Summer-Heat. But that is a Phlegm herb. So these were among some of the herbs that were being listed in the

Tang

Dynasty and the herbs that were coming from foreign countries were now being put into the

Tang

Dynasty textbooks. The resins would be the ones that come from the Arab world. Tumeric,

Jiang Huang,

comes from the Arab countries. That’s in the

Ta ng

Dynasty Materi a Medica. Fennugreek,

Hu Lu Ba,

that comes from the Arabs. That goes into China .

Fig trees begin to grow in China, coming from Persia, figs coming into China. Chinese call that the Happy Heart Fruit. So they had to come up with a name for that. They didn’t know what to call it. And their journals of their first impressi ons of Persians was that they were always smiling . So they called them the Happy, this must be the fruit that keeps them happy . So they call them Happy Heart Fruit. That’s a common term that we call figs. In the

Tang

Dynasty a lot of the furniture comes from wood that was taken from Vietnam, which has a lot of Rosewood, so rosewood furni ture. Vietnam is also where a wood that was very intriguing to the Chinese was found . That became the basis of an incense during the

Ta ng

Dynasty : Aquil aria,

Chen Xiang,

which they call Very Deep Fragrance. When I smell it, I go into this deep meditation.

Chen,

as your

Tai

Ji teachers always tell you,

Chen,

like to sink. So there is Aquilaria, which the Japanese really like. That became the basis of Japanese incense therapy. But Aquilaria is introduced to the Chinese during the

Ta ng

Dynasty, coming from Vietnam. Again, they were mostly using Vietnam for the wood. Certain wood, when they burned them, exhibited a smell which they found fascinating. So

Chen Xiang

became something that came from Vietnam .

Lu Lu Tong

comes from Vietnam . Li qui dambaris,

Lu Lu To ng,

whi ch was used a lot in liniments, especially applying it after an acupuncture treatment or over Acpuncture Points, outside of

Fu Zi.

We often hear about

Fu Zi

as the major one, but in the

Tang

Dynsaty, they were using things like

Lu Lu Tong,

Liquidambaris. Sweet Gum, would be the popul ar name for Liquidambaris. So the resin that comes from Sweet Gum would be applied on acupuncture Points.

Lu Lu Tong

means ”Roll, Roll, Penetrate”， kind of like Draino. Everything j ust gets drained out,

Lu Lu Tong.

So that is the

Ta n g

Dynasty Herbal . It is the first offi cial Chinese Pharmacopeia, under the direction of

Su Jing, Li Ji

and there were a lot of other people. This is an Imperial Commission where a lot of herbalists worked on it

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。New England School of Acupuncture & Jeffrey C. Yuen ²⁰⁰⁸

and basically they itemized approximately

850

herbs, adding more than

1 00

herbs to

Tao Ho ng Jing ’ s

version. Again, a lot of these additional herbs were herbs that were coming from foreign countries, herbs that they now are further exploring in terms of other parts of the same plants that they have been using, but not using other parts of the plants, and seeing elso they could be used . For example, Isatis root was used already and now they use Isatis leaf. We know that they were using Tri chosanthes fruit, and peel, and seed . But now in the

Ta ng

Dynasty i s when they start using Trichosanthes root. So

Tia n Hua Fen

became something that was discovered in the

Tang

Dynasty. So if they wrote

Tia n

Hua Fen, you know that it would have been a formula from the

Ta ng

or after. It would not have pre-d ated that. So when you see the use of Trichosanthes in

Zlzang Zlzong

Jing' s formul as, which they do use in the

Slzang Ha n

L u n, it is not going to be the root. When they say

Gua Lou,

you know it is either going to be the fruit, the peel or the seed .

This is the basis of the herbal formulations. The formulas that were being u sed during thi s period of time primarily come from the

S h a ng Ha n Lun

Tradition. The

Shallg Ha ll

Lu ll ’fradition dominates early Chinese medicine. It doesn't even really change in the

Ta ng

Dynasty, even though in the

Ta ng

Dynasty, we start using some of the formulas that come most notably from

S u n

Si Miao . But i t is basically still

Shang Han

Lun oriented. And the

Slzang Han

Lun approach is an approach that is based on the Progression of diseases. 认That level is the disease at? That's the formula that you need to use. So to a greater degree, once you understand the

Shang Han

Lun in terms of the herbs u sed in the

Slzmzg

Ha n Lun,

you begin to understand pretty much the basis of the

Shen Nong’ s Ben

This is the basis of the herbal formulations. The formulas that were being u sed during thi s period of time primarily come from the

S h a ng Ha n Lun

Tradition. The

Shallg Ha ll

Lu ll ’fradition dominates early Chinese medicine. It doesn't even really change in the

Ta ng

Dynasty, even though in the

Ta ng

Dynasty, we start using some of the formulas that come most notably from

S u n

Si Miao . But i t is basically still

Shang Han

Lun oriented. And the

Slzang Han

Lun approach is an approach that is based on the Progression of diseases. 认That level is the disease at? That's the formula that you need to use. So to a greater degree, once you understand the

Shang Han

Lun in terms of the herbs u sed in the

Slzmzg

Ha n Lun,

you begin to understand pretty much the basis of the

Shen Nong’ s Ben

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