La Reforma Agraria y la decadencia de la hacienda en Pampachacra

Whilst there are no definitive figures in the United Kingdom on students enrolled in transnational education programmes (it has been an optional data return for the statistical collection from the Higher Education Statistics Agency – HESA since 2002/03), several surveys have been conducted in the last couple of years. The first systematic survey of UK transnational education student numbers was conducted by Bennell and Pearce (1997). Drawing on this and earlier studies conducted by the Council of Validating Universities in

their annual data collection and UKCOSA (1996), Bennell and Pearce estimated that there were 140 000 students on UK transnational education programmes in academic year 1996/97. HESA have collected data on UK transnational education students on a voluntary basis since 2002/03. Since then, approximately half of UK universities (86 institutions) have returned data to HESA on students studying for the whole of their course overseas. An analysis of these returns suggests that they represent only around 25 percent of the total number of students in British transnational education programmes94_{. HESA plans to make} this data collection mandatory from the 2007/08 academic year.

It is worth noting that the distribution of transnational education students among UK higher education institutions is uneven and fragmented. It can be characterised as a pattern in which many UK institutions have small amounts of transnational education provision and a small number of institutions have huge scale transnational education activity. Many of the large scale providers are missing from the HESA data, and this is the reason for the large discrepancy between the HESA figures and the country-by-country analysis below. One UK provider who has not returned data to HESA has one programme with over 100 000 students registered for a UK degree, and several other institutions with other very large scale provision have not reported these students to HESA. Finally, there is the issue of students on articulation programmes, which are not counted by HESA but which are included in the country-by-country analysis. Articulation students account for more than 50 percent of the total in some markets.

Chart 4 below shows the distribution of students in transnational education at the 50 percent of UK higher education institutions who supplied HESA with data in 2005/06. This chart illustrates the predominance of small scale activity, with just over 50 institutions having less than 1,000 students in transnational education, compared with five institution which enrol more than 5,000 students on transnational education programmes95_.

Chart 4: Distribution of students in transnational education in UK universities

Distribution of TNE students in UK universities

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10000 - 20,000 5000 - 10,000 2,000 - 5,000 1,000 - 2,000 500 - 1,000 100 - 500 1 - 100

Number of TNE Students

N u m b er o f in s tit u tio n s

The headline figure of international students enrolled on UK degrees delivered overseas in 2005/06 is 246 000. This is an estimate made by the British Council in August 2007. Data

94 _{For a full analysis of the early HESA data see Garrett (2004) and Garrett and Verbik (2004) -} Transnational Delivery by UK Higher Education, parts 1 & 2, published by the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London (www.obhe.ac.uk).

was sourced from a survey of British Council offices in key markets96_{, which were able to} provide data on the number of programmes offered by UK institutions. HESA data, although incomplete, broadly confirms those figures. London External programme and Open University – two distance learning institutions in the UK – provide their student numbers separately. The British Council estimate of 246 000 students is based on the analysis of the different data sources, as shown by the table below:

Table 5: Number of students (rounded to the nearest hundred) (figures revised in August 2007)

HESA Estimate for all other HEIs Open University* London External* Total 2002/03 48,700 102,300 21,600 32,400 204,900 2003/04 51,100 107,300 19,700 30,800 208,900 2004/05 56,300 118,000 21,300 30,800 226,000 2005/06 64,800 135,000 16,000 30,800 246,600 Annual %change 03/04 +5% +5% -9% -5% +2% Annual % change 04/05 +10% +10% +8.3% N/A +8% Annual % change 05/06 +15% +15% +8.3% N/A +8%

* London External and Open University figures are only for students outside the UK (i.e. for authentic transnational education students).

Key assumptions in the calculations are the following:

i) The growth rate in the HESA data represents genuine growth (rather than change in how transnational education students are classified), and this growth rate is replicated in all other HEIs.

ii) Those institutions who respond to HESA are a representative sample of all HEIs. iii) HESA returns represent an undercount. This is based on country-by-country analysis

(summarised below) which suggest that there are many times more students on UK transnational education programmes in key markets that the HESA numbers suggest. The Department for Industry, Universities and Skills (DIUS) is also conducting a study on the extent of UK transnational education delivery, Transnational Activity of Higher Education:

96

British Council offices in 20 key markets for UK transnational education supplied data on the number of UK programmes available in 2005. More recent data was also provided from Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Exploring patterns of HE institutional activity (Drew et al. forthcoming 2008). The main aim of this project is to identify the scale and patterns of current and planned transnational education offered by UK higher education institutions.