REGLAMENTO GENERAL DE ACTIVIDADES DE LAS AGENCIAS DE VIAJES.

Facility audit is mean of collection of data on activities or services within the hospital good measure of Two method are First, health facility' representatives and visual inspection. The later are further broken down into

I. Patient medical record review II. Provider interview

III. Observation of provider-client interaction IV. Mystery client approaches TBD

6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment

1. What are the two methods used in facility audit?

2. Discuses in details visual inspection used in facility audit 7.0 Self Assignment Exercise

Differentiate between Tools in routine health data collection and reporting 8.0 References

1. Wiklund I. The Nottingham Health Profile-a measure of health-related quality of life. Scand J Prim Health Care Suppl 1990;1:15–18.

2. McDowell I. Measuring Health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

3. Saka, M.J. Adisa, T.S. Saka, A.O. & Abdulraheem, I.S. (2016): Close to Community Health Care Providers; The Operation and Performance of Patent Medicine Vendors in

Management of Malaria in Kwara State, Nigeria. Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition).

22(2);91-101, Published by The Library and Publication Committee University of Ilorin, Ilorin.

Nigeria. Available online http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/centrepoint e-jour

CHAPTER FOUR UNIT 12 POPULATION-BASED DATA SOURCES 1,0 Introduction

This is a methods of data collection within the population. Population census is the official process of systematically using standardized tools and procedures to collect, compile, and disseminate demographic, social, and economic data on people in a country at a particular time

2.0 Objectives

The unit describe population-based data with the ultimate aim to; - 1.discuss population census

2. explain resident population 3. describe sample survey 3.0 Main Content Vital Registration

Routinely collected data on birth, death, marriage, and migration are essential sources of demographic information. The quality of tools, procedures, and consistency in data collection require serious attention to ensure accuracy and usefulness. Births, and deaths outside the primary health care system must also be captured.

Population Census

Population census is the official process of systematically using standardised tools and procedures to collect, compile, and disseminate demographic, social, and economic data on people in a country at a particular time. Countries conduct population census periodically to determine size, composition, and spread of the population in order to effectively plan for them; and serves as indices for understanding health situation.

Enumerators are properly trained to use standardised national data collection instruments to collect data for population census from every household, and individuals living in the household, and data aggregated at village, community, local government, state, and national levels.

Enumerated population census captures the actual people present in an area on census day, and does not distinguish temporary from permanent residence. This may give false picture of the population if people moved into the specific area just to be counted.

Resident population census captures all permanent residents who live in the area of census.

1. Population census provides data for understanding: population structure; size, and age structure shows proportion of people in each age group within the population;

2. sex distribution, proportion of males to females in the population, and in each age group;

3. geographic distribution, number of people in an area, and population density; and

4. housing, health status, literacy level, occupation, and economic and social status of households.

5. Census figures provide denominators for calculating rates for a population at risk; the denominator captures all people with or without a disease or problem, while the numerator captures those with the disease or problem.

6. Population data are used to calculate population density, population growth, fertility rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and child mortality rate.

7. Population size refers to all people who live in a country or specified geographical area at a specific time. Population density is expressed as the average number of people per square kilometres. Population density in a country varies from one area to another city, rural area, low-income area, industries, soil fertility, human fertility, cheap housing, and jobs.

Sample Surveys

Population based surveys are sample surveys conducted in the community Examples of population-based surveys include Demographic and Health Surveys.

Methods for collecting data collections a. Self-administered Questionnaire b. Individual Interview

c. Group Interview (focus group) d. Observation

Self-Administered Questionnaire

Questionnaire is simply a list of questions to be asked by the researcher to elicit responses. The questionnaire is administered by mail, hand delivered to respondents, or respondents are brought together at one point to complete the questionnaire. The critical distinction is that the questionnaire is completed by the respondent with no assistance from the investigator beyond the instruction given on the questionnaire. Clear instructions are also required on the purpose of data collection: who is collecting data, how to complete the questionnaire, and level of confidentiality involved.

The questionnaire may be structured or unstructured. Structured questionnaires have close-ended questions, restricting responses to selected options. Ustructured questionnaire consists of open ended questions, and allows free responses. An open-ended question allows the respondents to give all the possible options. A questionnaire that restricts the responses of some questions while allowing free responses of others is semi-structured. Usually, a good questionnaire should contain elements of both open- and close-ended questions.

Individual Interview

Interviews: structured and unstructured are important qualitative research data collection technique. Unstructured interviews involve probing, with open-ended questions. Key informant interview involves the use of experts to obtain critical information, which gives deeper insight to the issue at hand.

Focus group discussion (FGD) or group in-depth interview is used because group interaction stimulates richer responses; researcher is able to observe discussion for primary insight into respondents' behaviour, attitude, language, and feelings. FGD promotes idea generation, problem identification and definition, generates rich qualitative data, inexpensive and fast. Although the number of groups is determined by topic and hypotheses being tested, conduct at least two groups for each variable being tested, and in each geographic region where meaningful differences seem to exist.

Group Formation

Focus groups are generally conducted among homogenous target population, variables for consideration are social class, life cycle, level of expertise and experience, education, age, marital status, cultural differences, and sex.

Observation

Observation provides clearer picture of social life more than obtainable by other methods.

Researcher purposefully selects and examines phenomena, people, and objects, systematically observing and recording according to procedures, which allows for replication. Social science classifies systematic observation into participant, and nonparticipant. Investigators engaged in participant observation typically become part of the natural setting observing, interviewing, and actively involving in what goes on in the environment.

In non-participant observation, the researcher observes behaviour of others in a natural setting and records without participating in the behaviour under scrutiny, sometimes done.

without the people knowing they are being observed. The use of qualitative methods is necessary in the study of all aspects of health care. Examining the process of health care through participant and non-participant observation as services are delivered; the interaction between health workers and patients, the effectiveness of such relationships, which questionnaire cannot capture should be considered alongside quantitative methods.

Types of Surveys

The types described below apply to both population and facility-based surveys:

Analytical surveys attempt to test theory, and causal relationships by applying the logic of experimentation outside the laboratory, dependent, independent, and extraneous variables are specified. The control of extraneous variable is achieved through reliability in data collection and the use of statistical techniques.

Cross sectional surveys study people at one point in time (weeks or months) and provide prevalence data, and important that incidence of what is being investigated does not change during the period.

Descriptive survey is a type of cross-section survey concerned with particular characteristics of a specific population of subjects, at a fixed time or at varying times for comparative purposes, secures a representative sample of the population from which accurate assessment and generalisation is possible.

Longitudinal surveys collect data about all the new cases or events happening over a period to provide incidence data.

Examples of the main tools and resources for conducting household surveys and censuses in the Nation

I. Demographic and health Surveys: Sample survey conducted among women 15-49

years old and their spouses to ascertain fertility, sexual and reproductive health and their determinants. DHS is led by the NBS with support from Macro Internation, Beltsville, MD, USA.

II. MICS Surveys: Sample survey conducted among children under five years to assess health & nutrition status. MICS is led by National Population Commission with support from UNICEF.

III. National AIDS and Reproductive Health Surveys (NARHS) 4.0 Conclusion

Population based data is a form of data collection that provide insight into respondents' behaviour, attitude, language, and feelings. FGD promotes idea generation, problem identification and definition, generates rich qualitative data, inexpensive and fast.

5.0 Summary

Population based data does not limited to vital registration, it also includes population-based surveys which are sample surveys conducted in the community Examples of population-based surveys include Demographic and Health Surveys. The data can be collected through Self-administered Questionnaire, Individual Interview, Group Interview (focus group) and Observation

6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment

1. How does population census carry out?

2. What important s attach to Resident population census?