Relación entre la gestión pedagógica y el clima de aula.

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In some FMRL determinations, considerations are also given to mitigation aspects equally as prevention, protection and exclusion, adding difficulty of mitigation of consequences, such as setting criteria for the possibility and difficulty for foreign material detection and retrieval/recovery after an FMI event, as shown in the methods in Appendix I.

One point to make in Fig. 17, the term ‘significant’ (as emphasised in the Figure), will depend on the value assigned by the organisation, e.g. an amount of financial value (dollars, euros, etc.) of significance, an amount of collective radiation dose, an amount of day in critical path of an outage schedule.

It has to be emphasised that the FMRL assessment guidance, methods and tools (e.g. criteria, checklists, flowcharts, maps, diagrams) need to be clearly defined in the FMMP administrative procedure (or, if the instructions are structured in a set of implementing procedures, in the separate implementing procedures for risk level determination).

Typical practices in setting FMCAs meet the following criteria and principles (noting that the specific level and degree of these will be determined by the determination of the applicable FMCA requirements, expectations and controls):

— FMCA need to be as small as practical so as not to impede or restrict work activities;

— The boundary and the equipment breach may be the same in some cases;

— Some factors which may affect the boundary definition are:

 Access to area;

 Nearby work or equipment;

 System configuration;

— FMRLs and FMCA identifications/signage are posted and include FMCA owner and contact information;

— FMCA boundaries need to be erected and the inside areas are cleaned prior to breaching SSC or equipment;

— FMCA boundaries remain in place until the system is closed and risk of FMI is eliminated as confirmed by the closeout inspections and the breach closure validation (and if used, the conciliation of tool and material logs);

— Access to FMCA need to be limited to required and qualified people only;

— Access points to FMCA is minimised (unless impossible, limit to one ingress/egress access point);

— Particular attention is to be paid to the area above and around the FMCA and the SSC or equipment breach, for example overhead, cranes, walkways, lighting, as well as nearby ductwork and HVAC systems (and their intakes and outlets).

— Cautions need to be taken to avoid impacting other permanently installed system, material or equipment in or near the FMCA and activity area from possible FMI;

— All tools, materials and equipment which are not failsafe are ensured to be secured (e.g.

by lanyard or other approved means);

— Packaging and similar material ought not be taken into the FMCA (buffer zones could be set up immediately outside of the FMCA, for example), as discussed in Section 5.5.6.1;

— If the packaging needs to stay until use (for example, due to fragile or sensitive content), the material needs to be unpacked cautiously and packaging material needs to be removed from the FMCA as soon as the packing material is no longer needed to protect the material;

— All waste products generated inside the FMCA are collected and transported out of the area as soon as possible;

— Regular cleaning and integrity checks need to be performed on all tools and material remaining in the FMCA;

— Only items that will be used can be taken into FMCA and they are removed from the area when no longer required (avoid storage of items unless the storage in FMCA is absolutely necessary);

— Transparent materials, wire brushes, cable ties or wraps with metal fasteners, metal grommets and wire twist ties are not permitted to be inside a FMCA, unless special precautions can be taken to prevent an FMI event (for example, in the case of transparent materials, increasing the visibility of item);

— To the extent practicable, personal items ought to be removed before entering a FMCA.

Definitions and determination of FMCAs are primarily based on these principles, the acceptable FM risks and hazards and the applicability, desired levels of layered defence and corresponding adequacy and effectiveness of prevention, protection and exclusion methods,

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tools and means to eliminate or minimise FM to reach FM target. For example, in construction phase (which could be also applied to operation phase), the FMCA categorisation could be similar to the housekeeping zone requirements defined in industry regulations and standards, such as those defined in Refs [40, 42, 58] which defines zones based on the restrictions regarding to: clothing and overclothing; filtered air; material precleaning; material and personnel accountability; and use of tobacco or eating. (These zones are discussed in more details in Appendix II).

Using the example in Fig. 3 in Section 2.6 (which was a simplified hypothetical activity of disassembling a valve and connected pump to work on an opened system with four known/anticipated FMs and FM targets (the valve and the pump) with several FM paths), Fig. 18 illustrates how FMCAs can be decided and constructed.

In Figure 18, for example, Circle 5 shows the protection against FM (FM 1) by excluding FM 1 from the work area by FM barriers that establish a specific FMCA. Furthermore, Circle 6 shows the exclusion of work zone  where opening that leads to Target 1 through Path 7 and Target 2 by Path 4 to Path 7 and from all FMs  as a FMCA that is smaller in size but presents less risk and hazards, as well as less FMC measures.

FIG. 18. Establishment and erection of FMCAs. FM  foreign material, FMC  foreign material control, FME  foreign material exclusion.

Appendix II provides examples of defining FMCAs and associated requirements for various aspects based on these principles and the other requirements and good practices discussed in Section 5.5, in its entirety.

It should be also noted that, during work activities, it might become possible, necessary or justifiable to change FMRLs and FMCA. This can be done either to increase awareness and controls for the current scope of work or enhance the efficiency of an evolution without compromising FMM requirements and controls (see Section 5.5.9.2 for field change management).

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