Relación entre la gestión pedagógica y el clima de aula

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education given and the practice of BSE. No significant difference was found in the knowledge and screening practices of the two groups. The knowledge though poor increased significantly among members of the intervention group. This was same with BSE practice with 92.7% practicing BSE.¹⁰¹

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tenets facilitate breast cancer screening- cleanliness, prevention, and individual responsibility in health promotion, diet and eating habits, exercise. Those that hinder screening practices include gender, modesty considerations and patriarchal marital beliefs.¹⁰⁴

In the USA, African-American women are more likely than any other women in the USA to present with a later stage of breast cancer than at initial diagnosis. A delay of 3 months or more is a significant factor in breast cancer mortality. Religiosity, spirituality and fatalistic beliefs are known to contribute to delay in time to seek medical care. Participants in this study were found to contribute to delay in time to seek medical care, Participants in this study were found to be highly religious and spiritual but not fatalistic. Women who were less educated, unmarried and talked to God only about their breast changes were significantly more likely to delay seeking medical care. Those who had told a person about their breast symptoms were more likely to seek medical care sooner.¹⁰⁵

A behavioural survey was administered among Nigerian women in Nigerian churches, restaurants and community meetings in Houston, Texas. The aim was to investigate the influence of religious and spiritual beliefs on breast health choices of Nigerian women. It was found that Nigerian women frequently cite their faith in God as an important part of their lives. Their religiosity and spirituality, BCK, attitudes and beliefs and mammography utilization were examined. Analysis showed that mammography rates were relatively high;

71% had had a mammogram while 28% had never had a MM. Thirty-seven percent of those who had had a MM were between 35-40 years of age. This was an interesting finding as the ACS recommends that screening by MM begin yearly from the age of 40.⁸⁵

Membership in several religious denominations have been associated with healthy lifestyle policies e.g. Mormons, Seventh Day Adventists which are associated with lower cancer incidence rates and better coping strategies among cancer patients. Among African American

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Women (AAW), belief in God might preempt seeking for treatment for cancer. This study sought to examine the influence of church participation and religious benefits of the utilization of breast and cervical cancer screening. Eighty-eight percent agreed that God was their doctor. They had strong belief regarding God’s influence on their health. Church attendance was the only religious variable related to screening frequency with those attending church 1-3 times/ month more likely to receive MM screening. Fifty-one percent of those in this study had weekly church attendance. Strong religious beliefs did not however appear to keep women from receiving regular screening exams. ¹⁰⁶

Despite considerable public education in the USA about BCS, some women choose not to avail themselves of it. Researchers sought to determine whether religious beliefs play a role in women’s attitudes towards BCS. Interviews were conducted with 6,822 women without cancer in North Carolina. This belief regarding the role of God in the detection and outcome of breast cancer and about what they would do if they discovered breast lumps by self-examination or by accident were sought. Those also believed that a cure can only come directly from God i.e. (that medical treatment is irrelevant) were significantly less likely to undergo screening MM and significantly more likely to report that they would delay seeking medical care if they have discovered breast lumps on their own. This was in comparison to women who believed that religious belief works with medical treatment to cure BC.

Religious belief did not affect women’s likelihood of undergoing CBE. Those who considered medical treatment to be irrelevant were likely to be older, black and less educated.¹⁰⁷

A nationally representative sample of 1,070 Presbyterian women was surveyed with regards to their level of religious attendance, health beliefs and mammography utilization. The researchers sought to examine the relationship between religious involvement, religious

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beliefs and MM usage. Religious attendance was found to be significantly associated with mammography use. Those who attended services weekly were almost twice as likely to have a MM as those who attended less frequently. The belief that spiritual health is related to physical health is also associated with having MM. Social factors such as religion, may influence utilization rates by expanding access, offering information and increasing motivation to screen among church members.¹⁰⁸